Name each carboxylic acid or ester.

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds characterized by the presence of one or more carboxyl groups (-COOH). This functional group consists of a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (OH) group, making carboxylic acids acidic due to their ability to donate protons (H+) in solution. They are commonly named by identifying the longest carbon chain containing the carboxyl group and adding the suffix '-oic acid' to the root name.

Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols, formed through a condensation reaction that releases water. They are characterized by the functional group -COO-, where a carbonyl group is bonded to an oxygen atom that is also connected to another carbon chain. Esters are typically named by identifying the alkyl group from the alcohol and the acid part, resulting in a name that ends with '-oate'.

IUPAC nomenclature is a systematic method for naming organic chemical compounds. It provides rules for identifying the structure of a compound based on its molecular formula and functional groups. For carboxylic acids and esters, the longest carbon chain is identified, and specific suffixes or prefixes are used to denote the functional groups present, ensuring that each compound has a unique and descriptive name.