Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding their genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain their genetic material within a membrane-bound nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells have a circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region.

Question 2

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids align along a single row at the metaphase plate?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for attaching microtubules to chromosomes during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Kinetochore

Question 4

A cell with 2n = 8 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many genetically distinct gametes can be produced, assuming independent assortment and no crossing over?

Accepted Answer

$$2^4 = 16$

Question 5

Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are similar in size, banding pattern, and gene composition, but may carry different alleles.

Question 6

In humans, which sex is considered heterogametic and why?

Accepted Answer

Males, because they produce two types of sperm (X and Y).

Question 7

Which process is responsible for producing four genetically distinct haploid cells from a diploid organism?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 8

A dominant allele is defined as:

Accepted Answer

An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele in a heterozygote.

Question 9

During meiosis I, which event is responsible for increasing genetic diversity among gametes?

Accepted Answer

Random alignment of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase plate

Question 10

Which of the following best explains Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment as it relates to meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes assort independently because homologous chromosome pairs align randomly at metaphase I.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the mitotic spindle apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing DNA during S phase

Question 12

If a cell starts with 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?

Accepted Answer

$$12$$

Question 13

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Question 14

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the complete dissolution of the nuclear envelope and the attachment of chromatids to spindle microtubules?

Accepted Answer

Prometaphase

Question 15

A cell is observed to have a contractile ring made of actin filaments forming a cleavage furrow. Which process is this cell undergoing?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis in animal cells

Question 16

Which of the following statements about autosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Autosomes are chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.

Question 17

During meiosis, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes. What is the result of this process?

Accepted Answer

Exchange of genetic material, increasing genetic diversity

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a heterozygous genotype?

Accepted Answer

The alleles at a gene locus are different

Question 19

If a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, what is the chromosome number of each resulting gamete?

Accepted Answer

$$n$$

Question 20

Which of the following events distinguishes meiosis I from mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Pairing and separation of homologous chromosomes

Chromosome Transmission During Cell Division and Reproduction

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