Domanda del libro di testo
What observations are consistent with the conclusion that DNA serves as the genetic material in eukaryotes? List and discuss them.
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Ch. 9 - DNA Structure and Analysis
Klug10th EditionEssentials of GeneticsISBN: 9780135588789
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 - Introduction to Genetics16
- Ch. 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis28
- Ch. 3 - Mendelian Genetics37
- Ch. 4 - Modification of Mendelian Ratios53
- Ch. 5 - Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes32
- Ch. 6 - Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement37
- Ch. 7 - Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes36
- Ch. 8 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages24
- Ch. 9 - DNA Structure and Analysis38
- Ch. 10 - DNA Replication29
- Ch. 11 - Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization22
- Ch. 12 - The Genetic Code and Transcription36
- Ch. 13 - Translation and Proteins27
- Ch. 14 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition34
- Ch. 15 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria22
- Ch. 16 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes37
- Ch. 17 - Recombinant DNA Technology27
- Ch. 18 - Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics30
- Ch. 19 - The Genetics of Cancer21
- Ch. 20 - Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits37
- Ch. 21 - Population and Evolutionary Genetics45
Klug10th EditionEssentials of GeneticsISBN: 9780135588789Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 9, Problema 11
How are the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the sugars, purines, and pyrimidines numbered?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Understand that the numbering of atoms in sugars, purines, and pyrimidines follows specific conventions important for identifying molecular structure and function in nucleic acids.
For sugars (such as ribose and deoxyribose), the carbon atoms are numbered with a prime symbol to distinguish them from atoms in the bases. The numbering starts at the carbon attached to the base and proceeds clockwise: \(1^{\prime}, 2^{\prime}, 3^{\prime}, 4^{\prime}, 5^{\prime}\).
In purines (adenine and guanine), the nitrogen and carbon atoms are numbered in a fused double-ring system starting at the nitrogen at the bottom of the six-membered ring as position 1, then numbering around the six-membered ring, and continuing into the five-membered ring, up to position 9.
In pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil), the nitrogen and carbon atoms are numbered in a single six-membered ring starting at the nitrogen at the bottom of the ring as position 1, then numbering sequentially around the ring up to position 6.
Remember that this numbering system is crucial for describing the positions of chemical groups attached to the bases and sugars, which affects base pairing and nucleic acid structure.
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Numbering of Carbon Atoms in Sugars
In nucleic acids, the sugar component (ribose or deoxyribose) has five carbon atoms numbered 1' to 5'. The numbering starts at the carbon attached to the nitrogenous base (1') and proceeds clockwise, which is essential for understanding nucleotide structure and linkage.
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DNA Structure
Numbering of Atoms in Purines
Purines, such as adenine and guanine, have a fused double-ring structure with nine atoms numbered from 1 to 9. This numbering is critical for identifying functional groups and understanding base pairing and molecular interactions.
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Numbering of Atoms in Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines, including cytosine, thymine, and uracil, have a single six-membered ring with atoms numbered 1 to 6. Correct numbering helps in locating substituents and understanding the chemical behavior of these bases in nucleic acids.
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Pratica correlata
Domanda del libro di testo
Adenine may also be named 6-amino purine. How would you name the other four nitrogenous bases, using this alternative system? (O is indicated by 'oxy-,' and CH₃ by 'methyl.')
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Domanda del libro di testo
What are the exceptions to the general rule that DNA is the genetic material in all organisms? What evidence supports these exceptions?
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Domanda del libro di testo
Draw the chemical structure of a dinucleotide composed of A and G. Opposite this structure, draw the dinucleotide composed of T and C in an antiparallel (or upside-down) fashion. Form the possible hydrogen bonds.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Draw the chemical structure of the three components of a nucleotide, and then link the three together. What atoms are removed from the structures when the linkages are formed?
857
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Domanda del libro di testo
Describe the various characteristics of the Watson–Crick double-helix model for DNA.
763
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