Domanda del libro di testo
Classify the following liquid mixtures as heterogeneous or homogeneous. Further classify each homogeneous mixture as a solution or colloid.
c. Hand lotion
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Ch.9 Solutions
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 9, Problema 2
Which of the following pairs of substances would you expect to form solutions?
a. CCl4 and water
b. Benzene (C6H6) and MgSO4
c. Hexane (C6H14) and heptane (C7H16)
d. Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and heptanol (C7H15OH)
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Step 1: Recall the principle 'like dissolves like,' which means that polar substances tend to dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar substances tend to dissolve in nonpolar solvents. This principle will guide us in determining whether the given pairs of substances are likely to form solutions.
Step 2: Analyze pair (a): Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is a nonpolar molecule, while water is a polar molecule. Since they have different polarities, they are unlikely to form a solution.
Step 3: Analyze pair (b): Benzene (C₆H₆) is a nonpolar molecule, while magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) is an ionic compound that dissolves in polar solvents like water. Since benzene is nonpolar and MgSO₄ requires a polar solvent, they are unlikely to form a solution.
Step 4: Analyze pair (c): Hexane (C₆H₁₄) and heptane (C₇H₁₆) are both nonpolar hydrocarbons. Since they share similar nonpolar characteristics, they are likely to form a solution.
Step 5: Analyze pair (d): Ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH) and heptanol (C₇H₁₅OH) are both polar molecules due to the presence of the hydroxyl (-OH) group. Since they are both polar, they are likely to form a solution.
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Polarity
Polarity refers to the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms in a molecule. Polar molecules, like water, have a significant difference in electronegativity between their atoms, leading to partial positive and negative charges. Nonpolar molecules, such as CCl₄ and hexane, have an even distribution of charge. The principle 'like dissolves like' indicates that polar substances tend to dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
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Molecular Polarity (Simplified) Concept 1
Solubility
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure. It is influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent. For example, ionic compounds like MgSO₄ are generally soluble in polar solvents like water, while nonpolar solutes like hexane are more soluble in nonpolar solvents. Understanding solubility helps predict which pairs of substances will form solutions.
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Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). These forces include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. The strength and type of intermolecular forces present in the substances determine their solubility in one another. For instance, ethyl alcohol and heptanol can form hydrogen bonds, making them likely to dissolve in each other.
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01:59Intermolecular Forces (Simplified) Concept 1
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The maximum amounts of lead and copper allowed in drinking water are 0.015 mg/kg for lead and 1.3 mg/kg for copper. Express these values in parts per million, and tell the maximum amount of each (in grams) allowed in 100 g of water.
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At a total atmospheric pressure of 1.00 atm, the partial pressure of CO2 in air is approximately 4.0 × 10-4atm. Using the data in Problem 9.4, what is the solubility of CO2 in an open bottle of seltzer water at 20 °C?
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A solution is prepared by dissolving 12.5 g of KBr in 20 mL of water at 60 °C (see Figure 9.3). Is this solution saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated? What will happen if the solution is cooled to 10 °C?
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