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Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen
McMurry - Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 8th Edition
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Tutti i libri di testoMcMurry 8th EditionCh.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a HalogenProblema 38
Capitolo 14, Problema 38

Arrange the following 6-carbon compounds in order of their expected boiling points, and explain your ranking:
a. Hexane
b. 1-Hexanol
c. Dipropyl ether (CH3CH2CH2—O—CH2CH2CH3)

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1
Step 1: Understand the factors affecting boiling points. Boiling points are influenced by intermolecular forces, such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points.
Step 2: Analyze the structure of hexane (C₆H₁₄). Hexane is a nonpolar molecule with only London dispersion forces acting between its molecules. These forces are relatively weak compared to other types of intermolecular forces.
Step 3: Analyze the structure of 1-hexanol (C₆H₁₃OH). 1-Hexanol contains a hydroxyl group (-OH), which allows for hydrogen bonding between its molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a strong intermolecular force, so 1-hexanol is expected to have a higher boiling point than hexane.
Step 4: Analyze the structure of dipropyl ether (CH₃CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂CH₃). Dipropyl ether contains an oxygen atom, which creates a polar bond and allows for dipole-dipole interactions. However, it does not have hydrogen bonding because there are no hydrogen atoms directly bonded to the oxygen. Its boiling point is expected to be higher than hexane but lower than 1-hexanol.
Step 5: Rank the compounds based on their boiling points. Considering the strength of intermolecular forces: 1-hexanol (hydrogen bonding) > dipropyl ether (dipole-dipole interactions) > hexane (London dispersion forces).

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Boiling Point

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external pressure, causing it to change from liquid to gas. Factors influencing boiling points include molecular weight, intermolecular forces, and molecular structure. Generally, stronger intermolecular forces lead to higher boiling points.
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Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules. The main types include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. Compounds with hydrogen bonding, like alcohols, typically have higher boiling points than those with only weaker forces, such as ethers or hydrocarbons.
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Molecular Structure

Molecular structure refers to the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, which affects its physical properties. For example, the presence of functional groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH) in alcohols, can significantly alter boiling points compared to hydrocarbons. The branching of carbon chains also influences boiling points, with more branched structures generally having lower boiling points.
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Molecular Models Example 1
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