Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following:

b. ¹₁H

Identify each of the following:

c. ¹₀X

Supply the missing information in the following table:

Match the type of radiation (1 to 3) with each of the following statements:

1. alpha particle

2. beta particle

3. gamma radiation

b. shielding protection includes lead or thick concrete

Match the type of radiation (1 to 3) with each of the following statements:

1. alpha particle

2. beta particle

3. gamma radiation

c. can be very harmful if ingested

Match the type of radiation (1 to 3) with each of the following statements:

1. alpha particle

2. beta particle

3. gamma radiation

c. travels only a short distance in air

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation:

c. ⁶⁶₂₉Cu → ⁶⁶₃₀Zn + ?

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation:

d. ? → ²³⁴₉₀Th + ⁴₂He

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation:

e. ¹⁸⁸₈₀Hg → ? + ⁰₊₁e

Complete each of the following nuclear equations and describe the type of radiation:

e. ? → ⁸⁹₃₉Y + ⁰₊₁e

Complete each of the following bombardment reactions:

d. ? + ⁶⁴₂₈Ni → ²⁷²₁₁₁Rg + ¹₀n

Match each property (1 to 3) with its unit of measurement.

1. activity

2. absorbed dose

3. biological damage

a. rad

Two technicians in a nuclear laboratory were accidentally exposed to radiation. If one was exposed to 8 mGy and the other to 5 rad, which technician received more radiation?

Two samples of a radioisotope were spilled in a nuclear laboratory. The activity of one sample was 8 kBq and the other 15 mCi. Which sample produced the higher amount of radiation?

The dosage of technetium-99m for a lung scan is 20. µCi/kg of body mass. How many millicuries of technetium-99m should be given to a 50.0-kg person (1 mCi = 1000 µCi)

Suppose a person absorbed 50 mrad of alpha radiation. What would be the equivalent dose in millisieverts?

For each of the following, indicate if the number of half-lives elapsed is:

1. one half-life

2. two half-lives

3. three half-lives

c. a sample of Au-198 with a half-life of 2.7 days after 5.4 days

Strontium-85, used for bone scans, has a half-life of 65 days.

b. How long will it take for the radiation level of strontium-85 to drop to one-eighth of its original level?

Fluorine-18, which has a half-life of 110 min, is used in PET scans.

b. If 100. mg of fluorine-18 is shipped at 8:00 a.m., how many milligrams of the radioisotope are still active when the sample arrives at the radiology laboratory at 1:30 p.m.?

Bone and bony structures contain calcium and phosphorus.

a. Why would the radioisotopes calcium-47 and phosphorus-32 be used in the diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases?

Bone and bony structures contain calcium and phosphorus.

b. During nuclear tests, scientists were concerned that strontium-85, a radioactive product, would be harmful to the growth of bone in children. Explain.

Technetium-99m emits only gamma radiation. Why would this type of radiation be used in diagnostic imaging rather than an isotope that also emits beta or alpha radiation?

How does a chain reaction occur in nuclear fission?

In another fission reaction, uranium-235 bombarded with a neutron produces strontium-94, another small nucleus, and three neutrons. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the fission reaction.

Indicate whether each of the following is characteristic of the fission or fusion process, or both:

b. The nuclear process occurs in the Sun.

In problems 5.51 to 5.54, a nucleus is shown with protons and neutrons.

Draw the new nucleus when this isotope emits a positron to complete the following:

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In problems 5.51 to 5.54, a nucleus is shown with protons and neutrons.

Draw the nucleus that emits a beta particle to complete the following:

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In problems 5.51 to 5.54, a nucleus is shown with protons and neutrons.

Draw the nucleus of the isotope that is bombarded in the following:

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In problems 5.51 to 5.54, a nucleus is shown with protons and neutrons.

Complete the following bombardment reaction by drawing the nucleus of the new isotope that is produced in the following:

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Use the following decay curve for iodine-131 to answer problems a to c:

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b. Complete the number of days on the horizontal axis.