Question 1

A patient is admitted with severe dehydration. Which cellular process will cause water to move from inside the patient's cells into the extracellular fluid, potentially causing the cells to shrink?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 2

A laboratory technician observes a red blood cell placed in a solution and notes that the cell shrivels. Which term best describes the tonicity of the solution, and what is the likely direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; water moves out of the cell

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in human cells?

Accepted Answer

They produce most of the cell's ATP through aerobic respiration

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with nephritis. Based on medical terminology, what does this diagnosis indicate?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation of the kidney

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why ATP ($$\mathrm{C$$_{10}$$H_{16}N_5O$$_{13}$$P_3$$}$) contains more energy than ADP or AMP?

Accepted Answer

ATP has more phosphate groups, and the bonds between these groups store significant energy: $$\mathrm{ATP \rightarrow ADP + P_i + energy}$$

Question 6

A patient presents with tachycardia. What does this term mean, and which prefix provides the clue?

Accepted Answer

Fast heart rate; tachy-

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a positive feedback loop in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Uterine contractions during childbirth

Question 8

A midsagittal plane divides the body into which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Right and left halves

Question 9

A patient is lying in bed with their head elevated to facilitate breathing. Which position is this, and why is it clinically useful?

Accepted Answer

Fowler; it helps improve respiratory function

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of lymphocytes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They are specialized for fighting infection

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with osteomyelitis. What is the most likely underlying cause of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Bone infection

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

Question 13

A child falls and sustains a greenstick fracture. What is unique about this type of fracture, and why is it more common in children?

Accepted Answer

It is an incomplete fracture due to the flexibility of children's bones

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the difference between negative and positive feedback in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback opposes the original change to restore balance, while positive feedback amplifies the change

Question 15

A solution is prepared by dissolving $$10\ \mathrm{g} of $$sodium chloride in $$100\ \mathrm{mL} of $$water. In this scenario, which is the solute and which is the solvent?

Accepted Answer

Sodium chloride is the solute; water is the solvent

Question 16

A patient is scheduled for surgery and is marked as NPO. What does this mean, and what is the clinical significance if the patient eats breakfast before surgery?

Accepted Answer

NPO means 'nothing by mouth'; eating increases risk of aspiration during anesthesia

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

It consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, providing central support and protection

Question 18

A patient with a goiter is advised to increase their intake of which dietary component to address the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Iodized salt

Question 19

Which imaging technique uses a focused x-ray beam that rotates around the body to create cross-sectional images?

Accepted Answer

CT (Computed Tomography)

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with a syndrome. What does this term mean in medical terminology?

Accepted Answer

A group of signs and symptoms that occur together

Medical Terminology & Anatomy Review Guidance (Chapters 1–6)

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard