Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

An ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions, while a covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 2

Which reaction type is characterized by the absorption of energy, and which by the release of energy?

Accepted Answer

Endergonic reactions absorb energy; catabolic reactions release energy.

Question 3

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Because the oxygen atom is more electronegative, causing an unequal sharing of electrons and resulting in partial charges on the molecule.

Question 4

Which of the following best defines an acid?

Accepted Answer

A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions ($$H^+) in $$solution.

Question 5

Which statement correctly defines an organic molecule?

Accepted Answer

A molecule that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, often forming the backbone of living organisms.

Question 6

What is the primary function of functional groups in organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

They determine the chemical reactivity and properties of the molecule.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide, respectively?

Accepted Answer

Glucose and starch

Question 8

How do simple lipids differ from complex lipids?

Accepted Answer

Simple lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol only, while complex lipids contain additional components such as phosphate groups.

Question 9

Which two functional groups are present in all amino acids?

Accepted Answer

A carboxyl group ($$-COOH) $$and an amino group ($$-NH_2$)

Question 10

Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 11

Which molecule provides more energy for a cell and why: ATP or ADP?

Accepted Answer

ATP, because the hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate bond releases a significant amount of energy ($$\Delta G \approx -30.5\ \mathrm{kJ/mol}).$$

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with acidosis. Which of the following best explains the chemical basis for this condition?

Accepted Answer

The patient's blood has an increased concentration of hydrogen ions ($$H^+$$), lowering the pH below 7.35.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a catabolic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

Question 14

Which functional group is responsible for the acidic properties of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$A + B \rightarrow AB$$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for ionic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to surround and separate ions, stabilizing them in solution.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct example of a functional group and its chemical formula?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group: $$-OH$$

Question 18

A scientist mixes glucose ($$C_6H_{12}O_6$) and fructose (C_6H$$_{12}$$O_6) to $$form sucrose ($$C_{12}H$$_{22}$$O_{11}$) and water. What type of reaction is this?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis (dehydration) reaction

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds and releases it upon hydrolysis to ADP.

Fundamental Chemical Principles in Microbiology: Chapter 2 Study Guide

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