Question 1

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are considered evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA and ribosomes, similar to bacteria.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that stains purple after a Gram stain. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacterium

Question 3

Which process requires ATP and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 4

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between exons and introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

Exons remain in the final mRNA and code for proteins, while introns are removed.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a step in Koch's postulates for determining the cause of a disease?

Accepted Answer

The microorganism must be present in healthy individuals.

Question 7

A mutation occurs in a bacterial cell due to exposure to UV radiation. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

An induced mutation

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the main function of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins by translating mRNA

Question 9

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil.

Question 10

A scientist is using a microscope to observe the internal structure of a virus particle. Which type of microscope should they use and why?

Accepted Answer

Electron microscope, because it has higher resolving power than a light microscope.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of translation in cells?

Accepted Answer

The ribosome reads mRNA and assembles amino acids into a protein.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of the taxonomic hierarchy from broadest to most specific?

Accepted Answer

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with a protozoan infection. The form of the protozoan found in the patient's stool is dormant and resistant to harsh conditions. What is this form called?

Accepted Answer

Cyst

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between selective and differential media in microbiology?

Accepted Answer

Selective media inhibit the growth of some organisms, while differential media distinguish organisms based on their appearance or reactions.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct example of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A bacterium acquires DNA from another bacterium through conjugation.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the bacterial capsule?

Accepted Answer

It protects the bacterium from immune defenses and helps it adhere to surfaces.

Question 17

A yeast cell reproduces by forming a small outgrowth that eventually detaches. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Budding

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP to release energy?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{ATP} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + 	ext{phosphate} + 	ext{energy} $$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions require energy input.

Question 20

A scientist observes a eukaryotic cell with a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which type of organism is this cell most likely from?

Accepted Answer

Plant or algal cell

Microbiology Core Concepts: Study Guide Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard