Why is it challenging to obtain selectively toxic drugs against fungi, protozoans, and viruses?

Mark the following as true or false, and then correct the false statements so they are true.

a. Human cells make drug efflux pumps.

b. The minimum bactericidal concentration is the minimum concentration of the drug that kills at least 50 percent of the bacteria present.

c. The E-test can reveal if a drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic.

d. A drug that is bactericidal at one dose may be bacteriostatic at another dose.

e. The antifolate combination therapy trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be used to treat protozoan infections.

Acquired antibiotic resistance can include all of the following except:

a. Altering an enzyme that a given drug may target

b. Making endospores

c. Altering a point of entry for a drug

d. Making enzymes that inactivate a drug

e. Increasing the number of efflux pumps that are active in a cell

Which sensitivity test is best for determining the minimum bactericidal concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration of a drug?

Choose the false statement(s). Select all that apply.

a. Antifungal drugs may target cholesterol in fungal cell membranes.

b. Azole and polyene drugs promote cell lysis by impacting fungal cell plasma membranes.

c. Echinocandin drugs inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis.

d. Antifungal drugs may target DNA replication.

e. Antifungal drugs may target protein synthesis.

If a gene encoding a bacterial transpeptidase enzyme undergoes mutation, which of the following antimicrobials may no longer be effective against the mutated bacterium?

a. Macrolides

b. Polypeptide drugs

c. Tetracyclines

d. Penicillins

e. Quinolones

Match the antimicrobial drug to its feature. Some features may be used more than once, and some may not be used at all.