Q: A food item contains 10g protein, 5g fat, and 20g carbohydrate. Calculate its total energy content in kilocalories (kcal). Use: protein = 4 kcal/g, fat = 9 kcal/g, carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g.

$$(10 \times 4) + (5 \times 9) + (20 \times 4) = 40 + 45 + 80 = 165$$ kcal

Question 1

Which of the following best describes an essential nutrient?

Accepted Answer

A nutrient that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize it.

Question 2

Which organ secretes insulin, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

The pancreas; it lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake.

Question 3

What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_n\mathrm{H}_{2n}\mathrm{O}_{n}$$

Question 4

A food item contains 10g protein, 5g fat, and 20g carbohydrate. Calculate its total energy content in kilocalories (kcal). Use: protein = 4 kcal/g, fat = 9 kcal/g, carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g.

Accepted Answer

$$(10 	imes 4) + (5 	imes 9) + (20 	imes 4) = 40 + 45 + 80 = 165$$ kcal

Question 5

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Lactose

Question 6

What is the preferred fuel source for the brain under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 7

Which statement best describes the role of cholesterol in the body?

Accepted Answer

It is a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids.

Question 8

Which of the following lipoproteins is primarily responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues?

Accepted Answer

LDL

Question 9

Which of the following is a saturated fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

Palmitic acid

Question 10

A patient with diabetes mellitus type I is most likely to experience which of the following pathophysiological changes?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.

Question 12

Which of the following is considered an essential fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

Linoleic acid

Question 13

What is the main message of insulin in the regulation of blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Decrease blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the glycemic index?

Accepted Answer

A ranking of how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose compared to pure glucose.

Question 15

Which of the following is a polysaccharide found in foods that helps lower cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Soluble fiber

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6$$

Question 17

Which of the following statements about trans fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are produced during the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats and are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of HDL (high-density lipoprotein)?

Accepted Answer

Transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion.

Question 19

Which of the following is a non-essential lipid?

Accepted Answer

Oleic acid

Question 20

Glycogen is primarily stored in which two organs, and for approximately how long do its stores last during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Liver and muscle; stores last about 12-24 hours.

Core Concepts in Nutrition: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Digestion, and Metabolism

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