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Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons
Mullins - Organic Chemistry: A Learner Centered Approach 1st Edition
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Tutti i libri di testoMullins 1st EditionCh. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the ElectronsProblema 27b
Capitolo 1, Problema 27b

Draw the Lewis structure for the following molecules. Be sure to calculate the formal charge of each atom as a way of confirming your structure is correct.
(b) HOBr

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Step 1: Identify the total number of valence electrons in the molecule. Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron, oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons, and bromine (Br) has 7 valence electrons. Add these together to determine the total number of valence electrons available for bonding.
Step 2: Determine the central atom. In this case, bromine (Br) is the central atom as indicated in the problem. Arrange the atoms with bromine in the center, oxygen bonded to bromine, and hydrogen bonded to oxygen.
Step 3: Draw single bonds between the atoms. Connect bromine to oxygen with a single bond and oxygen to hydrogen with another single bond. Each bond represents two shared electrons.
Step 4: Distribute the remaining valence electrons around the atoms to satisfy the octet rule for oxygen and bromine. Place lone pairs on oxygen and bromine as needed, ensuring that oxygen has 8 electrons and bromine has 8 electrons (including the bonding electrons). Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to complete its duet.
Step 5: Calculate the formal charge for each atom to confirm the structure is correct. Use the formula: Formal charge = (Valence electrons of the atom) - (Non-bonding electrons) - (1/2 × Bonding electrons). Ensure the sum of formal charges equals the overall charge of the molecule, which is neutral in this case.

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Lewis Structures

Lewis structures are diagrams that represent the bonding between atoms in a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist. They help visualize the arrangement of electrons and the connectivity of atoms, allowing chemists to predict molecular geometry and reactivity. In drawing Lewis structures, one must account for the total number of valence electrons available from all atoms involved.
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Formal Charge

Formal charge is a theoretical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, calculated to help assess the stability of a Lewis structure. It is determined using the formula: Formal Charge = Valence Electrons - (Non-bonding Electrons + 1/2 Bonding Electrons). A structure is generally more stable when the formal charges are minimized and closer to zero, aiding in the validation of the drawn Lewis structure.
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Central Atom Identification

The central atom in a molecule is typically the least electronegative atom that can form multiple bonds, serving as the core around which other atoms are arranged. Identifying the central atom is crucial for accurately constructing the Lewis structure, as it dictates the overall shape and connectivity of the molecule. In the case of HOBr, the central atom is oxygen, which is bonded to both hydrogen and bromine.
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