Propose mechanisms for the following reactions.
(b)

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Step 1: Recognize the reaction type. This is a condensation reaction between an aldehyde (acetaldehyde, CH₃CHO) and phenylhydrazine (PhNHNH₂) under acidic conditions. The product is a hydrazone derivative.

Step 2: Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen. In the presence of acid (H⁺), the oxygen atom of the aldehyde is protonated, increasing the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon.

Step 3: Nucleophilic attack by phenylhydrazine. The lone pair on the nitrogen of PhNHNH₂ attacks the carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate.

Step 4: Elimination of water. After the intermediate forms, a proton transfer occurs, followed by the elimination of a water molecule to form a C=N double bond.

Step 5: Formation of the hydrazone. The final product is stabilized as the hydrazone derivative, where the phenyl group (Ph) is attached to the nitrogen atom of the C=N bond.

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