Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension between moist alveolar membranes, preventing alveolar collapse.

Question 2

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prescribed supplemental oxygen. According to current guidelines, what is the recommended target oxygen saturation (SpO2) for this patient?

Accepted Answer

88% to 92%

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output (CO) in terms of stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 4

A patient is experiencing hypoxia. Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Question 5

During auscultation, a nurse hears soft, high-pitched discontinuous popping sounds on inspiration. What is the most likely cause of these crackles?

Accepted Answer

Air passing through fluid in the airways or alveoli, often due to inflammation or congestion

Question 6

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease the diffusion of gases in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane due to pneumonia

Question 7

A nurse is teaching a patient with COPD about pursed-lip breathing. What is the primary benefit of this technique?

Accepted Answer

It slows and prolongs expiration, preventing airway collapse and improving gas exchange.

Question 8

Which of the following is a major risk factor for both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Cigarette smoking

Question 9

A patient is receiving oxygen via a nonrebreather mask. What is the minimum flow rate that should be used to prevent carbon dioxide buildup?

Accepted Answer

10 L/min

Question 10

Which of the following laboratory values is considered normal for arterial blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 - 7.45$$

Question 11

A patient with anemia is at risk for impaired oxygenation primarily because:

Accepted Answer

There is insufficient hemoglobin to transport oxygen.

Question 12

Which of the following is the most accurate method for monitoring the electrical activity of the heart and identifying rhythm disturbances?

Accepted Answer

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Question 13

A nurse is caring for a patient with thick, tenacious respiratory secretions. Which intervention is most effective in promoting ciliary action and mucus clearance?

Accepted Answer

Encourage the patient to drink at least 1.5 to 2 L of fluids daily.

Question 14

Which of the following is a contraindication for prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Accepted Answer

Facial fractures

Question 15

A patient is using a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) for asthma. Which of the following is a common mistake that can reduce the effectiveness of the medication?

Accepted Answer

Failing to shake the canister before use

Question 16

Which pulmonary function test value represents the maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Vital capacity (VC)

Question 17

A patient with heart failure is experiencing edema and fatigue. What is the primary physiological reason for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

The heart is unable to pump sufficient blood, resulting in inadequate perfusion and oxygenation.

Question 18

Which of the following is a late sign of respiratory compromise that may be detected by pulse oximetry?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen desaturation (SpO2 \u003c 90%)

Question 19

A nurse is preparing a patient for thoracentesis. Which of the following actions is essential to minimize the risk of lung injury during the procedure?

Accepted Answer

Instruct the patient not to cough or breathe deeply and to remain as still as possible.

Question 20

Which of the following is the most important safety precaution when administering supplemental oxygen in the home?

Accepted Answer

Keep oxygen at least 6 feet away from any source of fire, such as a stove or candle.

Oxygenation and Perfusion: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Nursing Interventions

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