Domanda del libro di testo
Use Eq. 20–14 to determine the entropy of each of the five macrostates listed in Table 20–1 on page 595.
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Ch. 20 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
Giancoli Douglas5th editionPhysics for Scientists and EngineersISBN: 9780137488179
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 01 - Introduction, Measurement, Estimating10
- Ch. 02 - Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension30
- Ch. 03 - Kinematics in Two or Three Dimensions; Vectors15
- Ch. 04 - Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion16
- Ch. 05 - Using Newton's Laws: Friction, Circular Motion, Drag Forces22
- Ch. 06 - Gravitation and Newton's Synthesis10
- Ch. 07 - Work and Energy21
- Ch. 08 - Conservation of Energy33
- Ch. 09 - Linear Momentum26
- Ch. 10 - Rotational Motion41
- Ch. 11 - Angular Momentum; General Rotation27
- Ch. 12 - Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture27
- Ch. 13 - Fluids28
- Ch. 14 - Oscillations14
- Ch. 15 - Wave Motion35
- Ch. 16 - Sound5
- Ch. 17 - Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and the Ideal Gas Law40
- Ch. 18 - Kinetic Theory of Gases18
- Ch. 19 - Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics31
- Ch. 20 - Second Law of Thermodynamics32
- Ch. 21 - Electric Charge and Electric Field7
- Ch. 23 - Electric Potential20
- Ch. 24 - Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy, Storage15
- Ch. 25 - Electric Current and Resistance32
- Ch. 26 - DC Circuits22
- Ch. 27 - Magnetism21
- Ch. 28 - Sources of Magnetic Field24
- Ch. 29 - Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law21
- Ch. 30 - Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, and AC Circuits42
- Ch. 31 - Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves25
- Ch. 32 - Light: Reflection and Refraction42
- Ch. 33 - Lenses and Optical Instruments21
- Ch. 34 - The Wave Nature of Light: Interference and Polarization26
- Ch. 35 - Diffraction24
- Ch. 36 - The Special Theory of Relativity29
- Ch. 38 - Quantum Mechanics1
- Ch. 40 - Molecules and Solids6
- Ch. 43 - Elementary Particles3
- Ch. 44 - Astrophysics and Cosmology9
Giancoli Douglas5th editionPhysics for Scientists and EngineersISBN: 9780137488179Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 20, Problema 53a
Why would you expect the total entropy change in a Carnot cycle to be zero?
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The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that is reversible, meaning all processes within the cycle can be reversed without any loss of energy or increase in entropy. This is a key property of the Carnot cycle.
Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. In a reversible process, the entropy change of the system and its surroundings is perfectly balanced, resulting in no net change in entropy.
During the Carnot cycle, heat is absorbed from a high-temperature reservoir during the isothermal expansion phase, and an equivalent amount of heat is rejected to a low-temperature reservoir during the isothermal compression phase. The entropy gained by the system during heat absorption is exactly equal to the entropy lost during heat rejection.
Mathematically, the entropy change for the system during heat absorption is ΔS = Q_h / T_h, where Q_h is the heat absorbed and T_h is the temperature of the hot reservoir. Similarly, the entropy change during heat rejection is ΔS = -Q_c / T_c, where Q_c is the heat rejected and T_c is the temperature of the cold reservoir. For a Carnot cycle, these changes cancel out.
Since the Carnot cycle is reversible and the entropy changes of the system and surroundings are equal and opposite, the total entropy change for the entire cycle is zero. This is a fundamental property of reversible processes in thermodynamics.
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Carnot Cycle
The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the maximum possible efficiency for a heat engine operating between two temperature reservoirs. It consists of four reversible processes: two isothermal (constant temperature) and two adiabatic (no heat exchange). This idealized cycle serves as a benchmark for real engines, illustrating the principles of thermodynamics and efficiency.
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06:28
The Carnot Cycle and Maximum Theoretical Efficiency
Entropy
Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system, and it quantifies the amount of energy in a physical system that is not available to do work. In thermodynamics, the second law states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, leading to the conclusion that processes occur in the direction of increasing entropy. Understanding entropy is crucial for analyzing energy transformations in thermodynamic cycles.
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07:50Intro to Entropy
Reversibility
A reversible process is an idealized process that can be reversed without leaving any change in the system or surroundings. In the context of the Carnot cycle, all processes are considered reversible, meaning that they can be conducted in such a way that the system returns to its initial state without any net change in entropy. This concept is essential for understanding why the total entropy change in a Carnot cycle is zero, as the entropy gained during heat absorption is exactly balanced by the entropy lost during heat rejection.
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06:28The Carnot Cycle and Maximum Theoretical Efficiency
Pratica correlata
Domanda del libro di testo
Why would you expect the total entropy change in a Carnot cycle to be zero? Do a calculation to show that it is zero.
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Domanda del libro di testo
If 0.45 kg of water at 100°C is changed by a reversible process to steam at 100°C, determine the change in entropy of the water, the surroundings, and the universe as a whole. How would your answers differ if the process were irreversible?
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Domanda del libro di testo
If 0.45 kg of water at 100°C is changed by a reversible process to steam at 100°C, determine the change in entropy of the universe as a whole.
1252
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Domanda del libro di testo
If 0.45 kg of water at 100°C is changed by a reversible process to steam at 100°C, determine the change in entropy of the surroundings.
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Domanda del libro di testo
A general theorem states that the amount of energy that becomes unavailable to do useful work in any process is equal to TL∆S, where TL is the lowest temperature available and ∆S is the total change in entropy during the process. Show that this is valid in the specific cases of a falling rock that comes to rest when it hits the ground.
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