$$\text{Likely offenders, suitable targets, and an absence of capable guardians}$$

$$P(\text{future victimisation}) = f(\text{recent victimisation})$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main reason why victims were historically neglected in Anglo-American criminal law and criminology?

Accepted Answer

Victims were considered irrelevant to the criminal justice process, which focused on the conflict between prosecution and defendant.

Question 2

According to the study materials, which theoretical perspective is most closely associated with the concept of 'victim-precipitation'?

Accepted Answer

Victimology's foundational scholars such as Mendelsohn and von Hentig

Question 3

Routine activities theory predicts that crime occurs when three elements converge. Which of the following correctly lists these elements?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Likely offenders, suitable targets, and an absence of capable guardians}$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about crime surveys is most accurate based on the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Crime surveys provide a more accurate measure of crime than police records by capturing the 'dark figure' of crime.

Question 5

Feminist victimology challenged early victimology by arguing that:

Accepted Answer

Crimes against women were often dismissed as epiphenomenal or would disappear in a socialist society.

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'secondary victimisation' as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A victim feels as if they are on trial during cross-examination in court, experiencing distress beyond the original crime.

Question 7

According to the study materials, what is the main criticism of the victim-precipitation theory when applied to cases of rape?

Accepted Answer

It often leads to 'victim-blaming', suggesting that victims are responsible for their own victimisation.

Question 8

Which of the following is a key insight from crime surveys regarding the distribution of victimisation?

Accepted Answer

Victimisation is highly concentrated in certain 'hot spots' and among specific groups, rather than being evenly distributed across society.

Question 9

Which formula best represents the relationship between repeat victimisation and property crime, as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

$$P(	ext{future victimisation}) = f(	ext{recent victimisation})$$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the evolution of victimology as a discipline?

Accepted Answer

Victimology emerged late and from the sidelines, promoted by unconventional scholars, and remains theoretically underdeveloped.

Question 11

In the context of transitional justice, which question is most relevant to the role of victims?

Accepted Answer

Should victims be given a voice in proceedings, and what form should reparations take?

Question 12

Which of the following is a major theme in the study materials regarding the relationship between victims and offenders?

Accepted Answer

Victims and offenders often come from substantially overlapping groups, especially in areas with high crime rates.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the impact of feminist activism on victimology?

Accepted Answer

It shifted focus from abstract theoretical debates to personal testimony and experiential knowledge.

Question 14

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of 'hot spots' in victimisation?

Accepted Answer

A small urban area where repeated assaults, thefts, and property crimes occur among the same population.

Question 15

Which of the following is a criticism of early feminist victimology, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

It sometimes manufactured an imagery that stressed defeat, passivity, and resignation among women.

Question 16

Which formula best represents the core prediction of routine activities theory?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Crime} = f(	ext{Likely offenders}, 	ext{Suitable targets}, 	ext{Absence of capable guardians})$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why victimology is considered theoretically weak, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Victimology lacks a fully coherent theory and is shaped by diverse, sometimes contradictory approaches.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world application of victimology's insights into the criminal justice system?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing that victims may experience 'secondary victimisation' and adjusting court procedures to reduce their distress.

Theoretical Perspectives on Victimisation: Foundations of Victimology in Sociology and Criminology

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