Q: In the central dogma of molecular biology, which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

A patient is found to have an extra copy of chromosome 21 in their karyotype. Which genetic disorder is most likely present, and what process most commonly leads to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome; caused by nondisjunction during meiosis

Question 2

Which of the following best describes dosage compensation in humans?

Accepted Answer

It equalizes the expression of genes on the X chromosome between males and females.

Question 3

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. What is this process called, and what is its primary significance?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over; increases genetic diversity in offspring

Question 4

A pedigree chart shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. Which inheritance pattern is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 5

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and stores genetic information; RNA is single-stranded and transmits/builds proteins.

Question 6

A mutation changes a codon from GAG to GTG in the beta-globin gene, resulting in sickle-cell anemia. What type of mutation is this, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation; changes one amino acid in the protein

Question 7

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 8

In the central dogma of molecular biology, which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 9

A male inherits an X-linked recessive trait. Which parent must have passed the affected X chromosome to him?

Accepted Answer

His mother

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

Transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain

Question 11

A gene contains both exons and introns. What happens to introns during mRNA processing?

Accepted Answer

They are removed from the pre-mRNA before translation.

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors but NOT benign tumors?

Accepted Answer

Ability to invade other tissues and metastasize

Question 13

Which process ensures that each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand?

Accepted Answer

Semiconservative replication

Question 14

A mutation causes a premature stop codon in a gene. What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation; truncates the protein

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the role of the promoter region in a gene?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the triplet code in genetic translation?

Accepted Answer

Each triplet of DNA bases codes for a single amino acid.

Question 17

A cell contains two X chromosomes, but one is randomly inactivated. What is the name of this process, and what is its biological significance?

Accepted Answer

Dosage compensation; ensures equal gene expression from X chromosomes

Question 18

Which of the following is a purine base found in both DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Question 19

Which step in translation involves the ribosome assembling at the start codon on the mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Initiation

Question 20

A genetic disorder is inherited in a criss-cross pattern, where sons inherit the trait from their mothers and daughters from their fathers. Which type of inheritance does this describe?

Accepted Answer

X-linked inheritance

Advanced Genetics & Reproduction: Chromosomes, Molecular Genetics, and Human Disorders

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