Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy in biological systems? Choose the correct example for each.

Accepted Answer

Kinetic energy is energy of motion, such as ions moving across a membrane; potential energy is stored energy, such as chemical bonds in glucose.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell's cytoplasm. Which term best describes the solution, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypertonic; the cell will shrink.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents Fick's Law of Diffusion?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an exergonic reaction in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate

Question 5

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hyposmotic but isotonic to their blood plasma. What does this mean regarding water and solute movement?

Accepted Answer

There will be no net movement of water, but the total solute concentration is lower than plasma.

Question 6

Which process is responsible for the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of feedback inhibition in enzyme regulation?

Accepted Answer

It decreases enzyme activity when the end product of a pathway accumulates.

Question 8

Which statement correctly distinguishes between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy input; active transport moves substances against their gradient using ATP.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can alter the rate of an enzymatic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Type of cell membrane

Question 10

During protein synthesis, what is the function of a signal sequence?

Accepted Answer

It directs the newly synthesized protein to its correct cellular location.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Coupling the movement of one molecule down its gradient to drive the transport of another molecule against its gradient.

Question 12

Which modification is most likely to affect the function of a protein by adding a carbohydrate group?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylation

Question 13

Which equation correctly represents osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$according to van't Hoff's law?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iMRT$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a substance that is typically impermeable to human cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 15

Which statement best describes the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reactions release energy by breaking down molecules; anabolic reactions consume energy to build molecules.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of the Na$$^+/K$^+-$$ATPase pump?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move 3 Na$$^+$$ out of the cell and 2 K$$^+$$ into the cell against their concentration gradients.

Question 17

Which process is responsible for the engulfment of bacteria by white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding exocytosis and endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Both are active processes that require energy input from ATP.

Question 19

A protein lacks a targeting (signal) sequence. What is the most likely fate of this protein?

Accepted Answer

It will remain in the cytosol.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes an electrochemical gradient?

Accepted Answer

A combination of both concentration and electrical charge differences across a membrane.

Anatomy & Physiology: Energy, Enzymes, Membrane Transport, and Protein Synthesis Study Guide

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