Q: Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is the equation for calcium homeostasis?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); $$\text{Ca}^{2+}_{\text{blood}} = \text{Ca}^{2+}_{\text{bone}} + \text{Ca}^{2+}_{\text{intestine}} - \text{Ca}^{2+}_{\text{kidney}}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between muscle tension and motor unit recruitment?

$$\text{Total tension} = \text{Tension per fiber} \times \text{Number of active motor units}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains how the skin contributes to thermoregulation during exercise?

Accepted Answer

The skin releases sweat through merocrine glands, which evaporates and cools the body.

Question 2

A patient presents with a third-degree burn covering the anterior surface of their right arm and the anterior surface of their right leg. Using the rule of nines, what percentage of their body surface area is affected?

Accepted Answer

13.5%

Question 3

Which cell type in the epidermis is primarily responsible for immune defense against pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Langerhans (dendritic) cells

Question 4

A person with a deficiency in vitamin D3 is likely to experience which of the following clinical problems?

Accepted Answer

Impaired calcium absorption leading to bone weakness

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between basal cell carcinoma and melanoma?

Accepted Answer

Basal cell carcinoma is less likely to metastasize than melanoma.

Question 6

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is the equation for calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); $$	ext{Ca}^{2+}_{	ext{blood}} = 	ext{Ca}^{2+}_{	ext{bone}} + 	ext{Ca}^{2+}_{	ext{intestine}} - 	ext{Ca}^{2+}_{	ext{kidney}}$$

Question 7

Which structure is found in compact bone and is responsible for housing blood vessels and nerves?

Accepted Answer

Central canal

Question 8

During endochondral ossification, which cell type is responsible for replacing cartilage with bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts

Question 9

A 70-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best describes the condition?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone mass and increased risk of fractures

Question 10

Which of the following is a synovial joint component that reduces friction and absorbs shock?

Accepted Answer

Articular cartilage

Question 11

A football player suffers a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Which movement of the knee is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Stabilization against anterior displacement of the tibia

Question 12

Which of the following best distinguishes rheumatoid arthritis from osteoarthritis?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, while osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear.

Question 13

Which muscle tissue type is involuntary and contains intercalated discs?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle

Question 14

Which structure surrounds individual muscle fibers and provides electrical insulation?

Accepted Answer

Endomysium

Question 15

During muscle contraction, which protein binds to calcium ions to initiate the exposure of binding sites on actin?

Accepted Answer

Troponin

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter is released at the motor end plate to initiate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 17

Which equation best represents the relationship between muscle tension and motor unit recruitment?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Total tension} = 	ext{Tension per fiber} 	imes 	ext{Number of active motor units}$$

Question 18

Which type of muscle fiber is most resistant to fatigue and is best suited for endurance activities?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers

Question 19

During the contraction cycle, which step directly requires ATP?

Accepted Answer

Detachment of myosin heads from actin

Question 20

A muscle is contracting and shortening while lifting a weight. Which type of contraction is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Concentric isotonic contraction

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide: Step-by-Step Guidance

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