Question 1

Which of the following best describes a negative feedback mechanism in the human body?

Accepted Answer

A process that reverses a deviation from the set point, such as the regulation of body temperature.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The red blood cells will shrink as water leaves the cells.

Question 3

Which of the following best represents the correct order of structural organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Question 4

Which of the following is a property of water that is essential for life and helps regulate body temperature?

Accepted Answer

High heat capacity

Question 5

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$ M. What is its pH?

Accepted Answer

$$5$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fatty acids have only single bonds.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many chemical reactions in the body?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes decrease the activation energy required for reactions.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell. Which type of solution is the cell most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the mitochondria in a human cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP production through cellular respiration

Question 10

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient, while active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient.

Question 12

A patient has a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of tight junctions in their intestinal epithelial cells. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased leakage of substances between cells

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers prevent drastic changes in pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.

Question 15

A scientist is studying a tissue sample and observes cells that are striated, branched, and have intercalated discs. Which type of tissue is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of connective tissue in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Support and protection of organs

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 19

A patient is unable to produce sufficient ATP due to a mitochondrial disorder. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of autophagy in cells?

Accepted Answer

Self-digestion of damaged organelles and proteins to maintain cellular health

Anatomy & Physiology: Foundations, Chemistry, Cells, and Tissues

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