Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in, using ATP.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and irregular heart rhythms. Blood tests reveal hypokalemia (low $$\mathrm{K^+}). $$Which physiological process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Resting membrane potential maintenance

Question 3

During vigorous exercise, skeletal muscle cells increase their rate of aerobic metabolism. Which equation best represents the overall reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around $$-70 mV$$?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is more permeable to $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ ions than $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions, and the sodium-potassium pump maintains ion gradients.

Question 5

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which of the following laboratory findings would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$ and decreased pH

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the glomerulus in renal physiology?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood plasma to form a protein-free filtrate in the nephron.

Question 7

A person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to have which of the following acid-base imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH = pK_a + \log \left( \frac{[$$HCO_3$$^-]}{[CO_2$]} \right)}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers during filling, the stronger the contraction.

Question 10

A patient is found to have a blood pH of 7.25, $$\mathrm{$$PaCO_2$$} of 50 $$mmHg, and $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-} of 24 $$mEq/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 11

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of the action potential in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ channels

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Passive movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 13

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose and low insulin levels

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in synaptic transmission at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrival, calcium influx, neurotransmitter release, postsynaptic receptor activation

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells are biconcave in shape?

Accepted Answer

To maximize their surface area for gas exchange

Question 16

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. Which acid-base disturbance is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP is required for the detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments.

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Cardiac\ Output = Stroke\ Volume 	imes Heart\ Rate}$$

Question 19

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete sufficient hydrogen ions. What acid-base disturbance is most likely to result?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Anatomy & Physiology I: Course Overview and Study Guide

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