Q: Which equation correctly represents the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA during cellular respiration?

$$\text{Pyruvate} + \text{CoA} + \text{NAD}^+ \rightarrow \text{Acetyl-CoA} + \text{CO}_2 + \text{NADH}$$

Q: Which equation represents the ATP hydrolysis reaction that powers active transport?

$$\text{ATP} \rightarrow \text{ADP} + \text{P}_i + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between equilibrium and steady state in physiological systems?

Accepted Answer

Steady state maintains differences in chemical concentrations using active processes, while equilibrium has equal concentrations and no energy input.

Question 2

A patient is given a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor for an enzyme involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The drug will bind to the active site, blocking substrate binding and decreasing enzyme activity.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Pyruvate} + 	ext{CoA} + 	ext{NAD}^+ ightarrow 	ext{Acetyl-CoA} + 	ext{CO}_2 + 	ext{NADH}$$

Question 4

A neuron receives multiple excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) at the same time from different locations. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

Spatial summation

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It uses channel or carrier proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient without energy input.

Question 6

Which second messenger is produced when a GPCR-Gq receptor is activated?

Accepted Answer

IP$$_3$$ and DAG

Question 7

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may lyse due to water influx.

Question 8

Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

ADH (vasopressin)

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why graded potentials diminish as they travel along a dendrite?

Accepted Answer

Due to current leak and cytoplasmic resistance.

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Question 11

A patient with Addison's disease has low cortisol. Which hormone is likely to be elevated due to feedback mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

CRH

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are synthesized on demand from cholesterol and diffuse across membranes.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of microglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They secrete CSF and act as immune cells, helping with debris clearance.

Question 14

Which equation represents the ATP hydrolysis reaction that powers active transport?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{ATP} ightarrow 	ext{ADP} + 	ext{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE about the propagation of action potentials along an axon?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials are regenerated at each node of Ranvier, maintaining their strength.

Question 16

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to low extracellular potassium. Which of the following best explains this effect?

Accepted Answer

Low extracellular K$$^+$$ hyperpolarizes the membrane, making it harder to reach threshold for action potentials.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation in the brainstem?

Accepted Answer

Control of arousal, sleep, and blood pressure rhythms

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the thalamus in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a relay station for sensory information to the cortex.

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding osmosis and cell volume?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic solutions cause no net change in cell volume.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about graded potentials?

Accepted Answer

They can summate and diminish over distance due to current leak and cytoplasmic resistance.

Anatomy & Physiology I: Homeostasis, Cell Signaling, and CNS Essentials (Ch. 1–9, Silverthorn)

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