$$Osmolarity = (0.2 \times 2) + (0.1 \times 1) = 0.5\ mol/L$$

$$\Delta \pi = RTC(\text{outside} - \text{inside})$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of negative feedback in maintaining homeostasis within the human body?

Accepted Answer

It reverses the direction of the initial change to restore balance.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which fluid compartment will lose the greatest volume first?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of osmolarity for a solution containing 0.2 mol/L NaCl and 0.1 mol/L glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$Osmolarity = (0.2 	imes 2) + (0.1 	imes 1) = 0.5\ mol/L$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via a carrier protein, without energy input.

Question 5

A neuron is at rest. Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$K^+)$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization $$\rightarrow$$ Repolarization $$\rightarrow$$ Hyperpolarization

Question 7

Which of the following transport processes requires direct energy input from ATP?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 8

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase)?

Accepted Answer

It exchanges three $$Na^+$$ ions out of the cell for two $$K^+$$ ions into the cell, using ATP.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Glucose uptake via the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT)

Question 11

A patient has a plasma sodium concentration of 120 mEq/L (normal: 135-145 mEq/L). Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of opening voltage-gated sodium channels during an action potential?

Accepted Answer

The membrane potential rapidly depolarizes.

Question 13

Which formula correctly calculates the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta \pi = RTC(	ext{outside} - 	ext{inside})$$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical negative feedback loop?

Accepted Answer

Amplifier

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier or channel protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely increase the rate of diffusion of a solute across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the concentration gradient

Question 17

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than its cytoplasm. What type of solution is this?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of aquaporins in cellular physiology?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate passive movement of water across cell membranes.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the effectors in a homeostatic control system?

Accepted Answer

Effectors carry out responses to restore homeostasis.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why glucose cannot cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is a large, polar molecule and requires a transporter.

Anatomy & Physiology I: Syllabus and Core Study Guide

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