Q: A protein hormone binds to its receptor on the cell membrane. Which second messenger is most commonly involved in this process, and what is the formula for its activation?

cAMP; $$\text{ATP} \xrightarrow{\text{adenylate cyclase}} \text{cAMP} + \text{PP}_i$$

Question 1

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication, and at which checkpoint is the integrity of this replication assessed?

Accepted Answer

S phase; G2 checkpoint

Question 2

During mitosis, which event occurs during anaphase?

Accepted Answer

Chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles

Question 3

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division. Which phase of mitosis would be directly affected, and what would be the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; chromosomes would fail to align

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding chromosome number in daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces diploid cells; meiosis produces haploid cells

Question 5

During spermiogenesis, which structural change occurs to transform a spermatid into a functional sperm?

Accepted Answer

Formation of the acrosome and condensation of the nucleus

Question 6

A protein hormone binds to its receptor on the cell membrane. Which second messenger is most commonly involved in this process, and what is the formula for its activation?

Accepted Answer

cAMP; $$	ext{ATP} \xrightarrow{	ext{adenylate cyclase}} 	ext{cAMP} + 	ext{PP}_i$$

Question 7

Steroid hormones act via direct gene activation. Which of the following best describes this mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormone enters the cell, binds to an intracellular receptor, and directly influences transcription

Question 8

Which hormone acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating blood calcium levels, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium by promoting bone deposition

Question 9

A patient experiences a sudden stressor. Which adrenal region responds first, and what is the primary hormone released?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal medulla; epinephrine

Question 10

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary, and what is the primary method of hormone transport?

Accepted Answer

Neural axons; via direct neural transport

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the path of sperm through the male reproductive tract?

Accepted Answer

Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis, and which organ releases it in response to hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; kidney

Question 13

A patient with O negative blood receives a transfusion of A+ blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies

Question 14

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of stroke volume (SV) in the heart?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{SV} = 	ext{EDV} - 	ext{ESV}$$

Question 15

According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, which factor is most critical in controlling stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Preload

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker tunica media and smaller lumens than veins

Question 17

Which capillary type is most suited for rapid exchange of gases and nutrients, and why?

Accepted Answer

Continuous capillaries; tight junctions allow selective permeability

Question 18

Which equation best represents the relationship between cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CO} = 	ext{HR} 	imes 	ext{SV}$$

Question 19

During hypovolemic shock, which compensatory mechanism is activated to maintain blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex increases sympathetic output, causing vasoconstriction

Anatomy & Physiology II Midterm Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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