Question 1

Which of the following best explains why lymphatic vessels are essential for maintaining fluid balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

They return leaked plasma proteins and interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system.

Question 2

A patient has a swollen left arm after a radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node removal. Which of the following best explains the cause of her symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic drainage from the arm is impaired, leading to accumulation of interstitial fluid (lymphedema).

Question 3

Which anatomical feature ensures the one-way flow of lymph through lymphatic vessels?

Accepted Answer

One-way minivalves formed by overlapping endothelial cells

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT considered an innate body defense?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies

Question 5

A small molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but can become immunogenic when attached to a larger protein is called a:

Accepted Answer

Hapten

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the red pulp in the spleen?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of old red blood cell destruction and storage of blood.

Question 7

Which of the following is the primary stimulus for breathing under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

Question 8

During gas exchange in the lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the respiratory membrane by which process?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why there are no lymphatic arteries?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels are a one-way system that returns fluid to the blood, not away from it.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation.

Question 11

A newborn is born prematurely and develops respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient production of surfactant leads to alveolar collapse.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT involved in the activation of a B cell?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cell

Question 13

A patient with a knife wound to the left side of the thorax develops a collapsed left lung (pneumothorax). Why did only one lung collapse?

Accepted Answer

Each lung is enclosed in its own pleural cavity, so air entering one does not affect the other.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, while cellular immunity involves T cells directly attacking infected cells.

Question 15

Which equation best represents the relationship between pressure and volume during pulmonary ventilation (Boyle's Law)?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 16

Which of the following is the most accurate measure of respiratory efficiency?

Accepted Answer

Alveolar ventilation rate

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the trachea is reinforced with C-shaped cartilage rings?

Accepted Answer

To keep the airway open during pressure changes in breathing

Question 18

A person hyperventilates before a swim race. What effect does this have on blood CO$$_2$$ and pH?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2$$ decreases and blood pH increases (alkalosis)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Coating pathogens with antibodies or complement to enhance phagocytosis

Question 20

Which of the following is the main form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

As bicarbonate ion ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) in plasma

Anatomy & Physiology: Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems – Review and Study Guide

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