Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

The structure of alveoli in the lungs allows for efficient gas exchange.

Question 2

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury that affects only the dorsal roots in the lumbar region. Which function is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sensory perception from the hips and legs

Question 3

Which body plane would a surgeon use to separate the anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions of the body?

Accepted Answer

Frontal (coronal) plane

Question 4

A tissue sample from the stomach wall shows cells with no striations and a single central nucleus. Which tissue type is this, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle; involuntary contraction of organs

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of canaliculi in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

They allow for nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes.

Question 6

During muscle contraction, which sequence of events occurs according to the sliding filament theory?

Accepted Answer

Calcium binds to troponin, exposing binding sites on actin; myosin heads attach to actin; ATP is hydrolyzed; myosin pulls actin inward.

Question 7

A person touches a hot stove and immediately withdraws their hand before feeling pain. Which pathway best describes this reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → Sensory neuron → Interneuron (spinal cord) → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the integumentary system that directly helps regulate body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Constriction and dilation of dermal blood vessels

Question 9

A patient is unable to move their right arm voluntarily but still has normal reflexes and sensation. Which nervous system division is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Somatic nervous system

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for myosin heads to detach from actin after the power stroke.

Question 11

Which brain region is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, such as regulating hunger and body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why compact bone requires a canal system for nutrient delivery?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is too dense for nutrients to diffuse directly through the matrix.

Question 13

A patient with damage to the occipital lobe would most likely experience problems with which function?

Accepted Answer

Vision

Question 14

Which of the following correctly matches a tissue type with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue: supports and connects body structures

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the movement of ions during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ions move into the neuron, making the inside more positive.

Question 16

A patient is given a local anesthetic before a dental procedure. Which of the following best explains how the anesthetic reduces pain?

Accepted Answer

It blocks the transmission of action potentials along sensory neurons.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the transmission of a nerve impulse through a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Dendrite → Cell body → Axon → Axon terminal

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of melanocytes in the skin?

Accepted Answer

They produce pigment to protect against UV radiation.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the sarcomere shortens during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads pull actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 20

A person is startled by a loud noise and their heart rate increases rapidly. Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for this response?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Anatomy & Physiology Module Review Guidance

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