$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They form the myelin sheath around axons, increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

Question 2

A patient presents with difficulty in balance and hearing. Which structure is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Cochlea

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$$

Question 4

During the propagation of an action potential, which event occurs immediately after depolarization?

Accepted Answer

Repolarization

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence of structures that light passes through in the eye before reaching the retina?

Accepted Answer

Cornea → Lens → Vitreous humor → Retina

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the 'all-or-none' phenomenon of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Once threshold is reached, an action potential is always generated with the same amplitude.

Question 7

A patient has damage to the dorsal root of a spinal nerve. Which function is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sensory input from the periphery

Question 8

Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Thalamus

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It restricts passage of certain substances from the blood into the brain.

Question 10

Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (II)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials can vary in amplitude and decay over distance, while action potentials are all-or-none and propagate without decrement.

Question 12

Which layer of the meninges is closest to the brain tissue?

Accepted Answer

Pia mater

Question 13

A person is unable to focus on near objects (presbyopia). Which structure is most likely failing to accommodate?

Accepted Answer

Lens

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Accepted Answer

It regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Question 15

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of rods in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Detection of dim light and peripheral vision

Question 17

A patient has a lesion in the Broca's area. Which function is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Producing spoken language

Question 18

Which equation best represents Ohm's Law as applied to membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$I = \frac{V}{R}$$

Question 19

Which structure in the ear is responsible for detecting rotational movement and maintaining balance?

Accepted Answer

Semicircular canals

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

It regulates homeostatic functions such as temperature, hunger, and thirst.

Anatomy & Physiology: Nervous System, Special Senses, and Related Structures

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