$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

It uses ATP to move Na\textsuperscript{+} out and K\textsuperscript{+} in, creating concentration gradients and making the inside negative.

Voltage-gated Na\textsuperscript{+} channels open, causing rapid depolarization.

K\textsuperscript{+} ions move out of the cell down their concentration gradient.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the somatic motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It controls voluntary movements by sending signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

Question 2

A neuron is damaged in a car accident. Why is this injury likely to result in permanent loss of function?

Accepted Answer

Neurons cannot divide, so they cannot be replaced if lost to injury.

Question 3

Which neuroglial cell type is responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Ependymal cell

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential of a neuron is negative?

Accepted Answer

Negatively charged proteins are trapped inside the cell and the membrane is selectively permeable to ions.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 6

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of myelin in the CNS. Which cell type is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na	extsuperscript{+}/K	extsuperscript{+} pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move Na	extsuperscript{+} out and K	extsuperscript{+} in, creating concentration gradients and making the inside negative.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Producing myelin sheaths

Question 9

During the generation of an action potential, which event occurs first?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na	extsuperscript{+} channels open, causing rapid depolarization.

Question 10

Which of the following factors would most increase the speed of action potential propagation along an axon?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the amount of myelination

Question 11

A synapse between a neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is called a:

Accepted Answer

Neuromuscular junction

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of interneurons?

Accepted Answer

They distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity within the CNS.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the movement of K	extsuperscript{+} ions during the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

K	extsuperscript{+} ions move out of the cell down their concentration gradient.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why positively and negatively charged substances do not simply neutralize each other inside the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell membrane acts as a barrier, keeping oppositely charged ions separated.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct resting membrane potential for a typical neuron?

Accepted Answer

$$-70\ 	ext{mV}$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of Schwann cells?

Accepted Answer

They produce myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of a multipolar neuron?

Accepted Answer

It has many dendrites and one axon.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of exteroceptors?

Accepted Answer

Provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, or pressure.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of myelination on axonal conduction?

Accepted Answer

It allows action potentials to jump between nodes, increasing conduction speed.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Cellular Basis

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