Question 1

Which of the following best explains why collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae of compact bone run in different directions?

Accepted Answer

It increases the bone's resistance to torsional (twisting) stress.

Question 2

A 12-year-old boy fractures his femur. Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of bone healing?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation $$\rightarrow$$ fibrocartilaginous callus formation $$\rightarrow$$ bony callus formation $$\rightarrow$$ bone remodeling

Question 3

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); it binds to osteoblasts, causing them to express RANKL, which stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification replaces a cartilage model with bone.

Question 5

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed a drug that mimics osteoprotegerin (OPG). What is the expected effect of this drug on bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

It will inhibit osteoclast differentiation by binding to RANKL, reducing bone resorption.

Question 6

Which of the following is a defining feature of flat bones?

Accepted Answer

They consist of two layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone (diploe) in between.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

Accepted Answer

It reduces friction and absorbs shock at the joint surfaces.

Question 8

A patient presents with pain and swelling in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Laboratory tests reveal elevated uric acid levels. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joint triggers an inflammatory response.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between a synarthrosis and a diarthrosis joint?

Accepted Answer

A synarthrosis is immovable, while a diarthrosis is freely movable.

Question 10

During muscle contraction, what happens to the A band, I band, and H zone of a sarcomere?

Accepted Answer

The A band remains the same length, while the I band and H zone decrease in width.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It donates a phosphate group to ADP to rapidly regenerate ATP during the initial seconds of intense activity.

Question 12

A marathon runner is likely to have a higher proportion of which type of muscle fiber, and why?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers, because they are fatigue-resistant and have high mitochondrial content.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isometric contractions generate tension without changing muscle length, while isotonic contractions change muscle length with constant tension.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi tendon organ?

Accepted Answer

It senses changes in muscle tension and inhibits muscle contraction to prevent tendon damage.

Question 15

A patient is diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Which protein is defective in this condition, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Dystrophin; its absence leads to instability of the muscle cell membrane and progressive muscle weakness.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of summation in muscle physiology?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the frequency of stimulation before the muscle fully relaxes, resulting in greater force production.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It is a double-layered membrane covering the outer surface of bone, with an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow is the site of hematopoiesis, while yellow marrow primarily stores fat.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why osteoclasts are multinucleated?

Accepted Answer

They are formed by the fusion of multiple monocytes/macrophage precursor cells.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of osteocalcin?

Accepted Answer

It is a hormone produced by osteoblasts that regulates bone mineralization and also influences insulin secretion.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Bone, Joints, and Muscle Physiology

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