Q: A patient has a heart rate ($$HR) of 80 $$beats per minute and a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$per beat. What is their cardiac output ($$CO) in mL $$per minute?

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their products through ducts to external or internal surfaces.

Question 2

Which hormone is released by the adrenal gland and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 3

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be released to increase blood calcium, and from which gland?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues

Question 5

Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocyte

Question 6

During hemostasis, which process occurs first after a blood vessel is injured?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the pathway of blood through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 9

A patient has a heart rate ($$HR) of 80 $$beats per minute and a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$per beat. What is their cardiac output ($$CO) in mL $$per minute?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 10

Which of the following is a feature of the heart that prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria?

Accepted Answer

Chordae tendineae

Question 11

Which hormone is released by the pineal gland and regulates sleep-wake cycles?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 12

Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for phagocytosis in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Macrophage

Question 13

Which adaptation allows lymphatic capillaries to efficiently absorb interstitial fluid?

Accepted Answer

Overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves

Question 14

Which gland releases insulin, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas; lowers blood glucose levels

Question 15

Which of the following best describes active humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immunity acquired when the body produces its own antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen

Question 16

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of thrombocytes (platelets)?

Accepted Answer

Initiate clot formation to prevent blood loss

Question 18

Which of the following is a type of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Production of specific antibodies after exposure to a pathogen

Question 19

Which hormone is released by the testes and is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of T lymphocyte maturation

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Endocrine, Blood, Heart, and Lymphatic Systems

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