Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and nervous system signaling?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signals travel through the bloodstream and have longer-lasting effects, while nervous signals travel through neurons and act quickly.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Which physiological process is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

The ability of beta cells to produce insulin.

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates bone breakdown to release calcium.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains how hydrophilic (water-soluble) hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors, activating second messenger systems such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 5

A patient has a blockage in the right coronary artery. Which part of the heart is most at risk for ischemia?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle

Question 6

Which structure in the heart prevents the atrioventricular (AV) valves from inverting during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Chordae tendineae

Question 7

During the cardiac cycle, what event immediately follows ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular diastole

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aorta

Question 9

Which layer of a blood vessel is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 10

A patient’s blood pressure is measured as $$120/80$$ mmHg. What does the $$120$$ represent?

Accepted Answer

Systolic pressure

Question 11

Which of the following mechanisms helps return blood to the heart through veins against gravity?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle pump

Question 12

Which plasma protein is most important for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 13

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Accepted Answer

Transport oxygen using hemoglobin

Question 14

Which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 15

Which process allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to move across capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Question 16

A patient is found to have anemia due to reduced hemoglobin levels. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the pacemaker (SA node) in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It initiates electrical impulses that set the heart rate.

Question 18

Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the hormone aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Conserves sodium and water

Question 20

A patient has a deficiency in albumin. Which of the following symptoms would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Edema due to decreased osmotic pressure

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Blood, and Blood Vessels

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