Question 1

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including increased heart rate and weight loss. Which hormone is most likely elevated in this patient, and what is its primary effect on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4); increases basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular respiration

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Albumin helps maintain osmotic pressure and is an important factor in the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls

Question 3

A patient with Addison’s disease is experiencing low blood pressure and fatigue. Which endocrine gland is primarily affected, and which hormone is deficient?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal gland; cortisol

Question 4

During a cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular contraction (systole)

Question 5

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Which component of blood is primarily affected, and what is the consequence for oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells; reduced hemoglobin function and impaired oxygen delivery

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

A patient with Graves’ disease has elevated levels of thyroid hormones. Which feedback mechanism is disrupted in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback from thyroxine (T4) to the pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO) $$and its relationship to heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 10

A patient is found to have a deficiency in vitamin K. Which process in the cardiovascular system is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Blood coagulation (clotting)

Question 11

Which vessel listed below is a major artery supplying blood to the lower limb?

Accepted Answer

Femoral artery

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 13

A patient with diabetes insipidus has excessive urination and thirst. Which hormone is likely deficient, and what is its normal function?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary circulation?

Accepted Answer

It delivers oxygen and nutrients directly to the heart muscle (myocardium)

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?

Accepted Answer

EPO stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels

Question 17

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps and tetany due to low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$using systolic ($$SBP) $$and diastolic ($$DBP) $$blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3}(SBP - DBP)$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary gland

Question 20

A patient with acromegaly has excessive growth of bones and tissues. Which hormone is overproduced, and which gland is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH); pituitary gland

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Endocrine, Cardiovascular, and Blood Vessel Systems

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