Question 1

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally high blood calcium levels. Which endocrine gland and hormone are most likely responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid gland; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches a blood cell type with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocyte; antibody production

Question 4

A histological slide shows clusters of cells with pale cytoplasm in the pancreas. Which cells are these, and what hormone do they secrete?

Accepted Answer

Islets of Langerhans; insulin

Question 5

Which of the following arteries supplies blood directly to the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery

Question 6

A patient has a blockage in the pulmonary artery. Which of the following best describes the immediate physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Reduced deoxygenated blood flow to the lungs

Question 7

Which of the following veins drains blood from the brain and returns it to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Internal jugular vein

Question 8

A blood sample shows an abnormally high number of neutrophils. This is most likely a response to which condition?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial infection

Question 9

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with Addison's disease, which involves insufficient production of hormones from the adrenal cortex. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is a common symptom?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; dehydration due to sodium loss

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the pituitary gland's adenohypophysis?

Accepted Answer

Produces tropic hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

Question 12

A patient has a mutation that prevents the production of platelets. Which physiological process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Blood clotting

Question 13

Which of the following correctly matches a vessel with the type of blood it carries in the adult human?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein; oxygenated blood

Question 14

A patient is found to have a tumor in the thyroid gland affecting the follicular cells. Which hormone level is most likely to be abnormal?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine ($$T_4)$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the pathway of blood flow through the heart, starting at the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium $$\rightarrow$$ right ventricle $$\rightarrow$$ pulmonary artery $$\rightarrow$$ lungs $$\rightarrow$$ pulmonary vein $$\rightarrow$$ left atrium $$\rightarrow$$ left ventricle $$\rightarrow$$ aorta

Question 16

A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for anemia. Which blood cell type is most directly affected, and which hormone is involved in its regulation?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocyte; erythropoietin

Question 17

Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aorta to supply the liver, stomach, and spleen?

Accepted Answer

Celiac trunk

Question 18

A patient is found to have a deficiency in the hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Which physiological response would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Fight-or-flight response

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the tricuspid valve?

Accepted Answer

Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

Question 20

A patient with a damaged hypothalamus may have impaired regulation of which pituitary function?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of tropic hormones by the adenohypophysis

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Endocrine System, Blood, Heart, and Major Vessels

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