Question 1

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all muscle types (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)?

Accepted Answer

They all generate force by the sliding filament mechanism.

Question 2

A patient is unable to move their right arm after a stroke. Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Motor cortex of the left cerebrum

Question 3

During muscle contraction, which step directly requires the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It maintains the resting membrane potential by actively transporting ions.

Question 5

A person is experiencing muscle fatigue after intense exercise. Which of the following is NOT a primary cause of muscle fatigue?

Accepted Answer

Increased calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for stimulating skeletal muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 7

A patient with Myasthenia Gravis has muscle weakness due to antibodies targeting which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cell membrane

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the action potential only travels one way along an axon?

Accepted Answer

The refractory period prevents backward propagation.

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

A patient presents with symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. Which hormone is most likely elevated?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between gray matter and white matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies; white matter contains myelinated axons.

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E_{ion}) $$for a given ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 13

A patient with Parkinson's disease is most likely to have a deficiency of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It regulates vital functions such as body temperature, feeding, and sleep.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates digestion and decreases heart rate

Question 16

A person touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which type of reflex is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal reflex

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions involve a change in muscle length, while isometric contractions do not.

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 19

A patient is diagnosed with Grave's disease. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and tachycardia

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It protects the brain by restricting the passage of certain substances from the blood.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Exam Unit 2 (Muscle, Nervous, and Endocrine Systems)

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