Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcomere in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It is the structural unit where actin and myosin interact to produce contraction.

Question 2

During the Sliding Filament Theory, which event directly causes the shortening of the sarcomere?

Accepted Answer

The power stroke of myosin heads pulling actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 3

A patient presents with muscle atrophy in the lower limbs. Which of the following best explains the physiological basis for muscle atrophy?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in the size of individual muscle fibers due to reduced protein synthesis.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between force ($$F$$), cross-sectional area ($$A$$), and muscle tension ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = T 	imes A$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a key difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

Question 6

Which muscle fiber type is most resistant to fatigue and why?

Accepted Answer

Type I fibers, because they have abundant mitochondria and rely on aerobic metabolism.

Question 7

A muscle fascicle is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A group of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains muscle hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Increase in the size of existing muscle fibers due to enhanced protein synthesis.

Question 9

Which of the following correctly matches a nervous system division with its function?

Accepted Answer

Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.

Question 10

A motor unit consists of:

Accepted Answer

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the propagation of an action potential along a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels along the axon.

Question 12

Which equation represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E) $$for a given ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the origin and insertion of a muscle?

Accepted Answer

The origin is usually proximal and less movable, while the insertion is distal and more movable.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

Accepted Answer

Afferent neurons carry sensory information to the CNS, while efferent neurons carry motor commands from the CNS.

Question 15

A muscle contraction is initiated when which ion binds to troponin?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the difference between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Slow-twitch fibers contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue due to their reliance on aerobic metabolism.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the transmission of an electrical signal within a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber to initiate contraction.

Question 19

Which of the following is a major difference between the structure of neurons in the CNS and PNS?

Accepted Answer

CNS neurons are myelinated by oligodendrocytes, while PNS neurons are myelinated by Schwann cells.

Question 20

A patient is unable to flex their forearm after a nerve injury. Which part of the muscle is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

The insertion of the muscle on the radius.

Anatomy & Physiology: Study Guide for Muscular and Nervous Systems (Unit 2)

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제