Question 1

Which of the following best explains why a third-degree burn may be relatively painless compared to a second-degree burn?

Accepted Answer

Third-degree burns destroy nerve endings in the dermis, preventing pain sensation.

Question 2

A patient presents with a pale appearance (pallor) and delayed capillary refill time (greater than 2 seconds). What does this most likely indicate about the patient’s condition?

Accepted Answer

The patient may have poor peripheral perfusion, possibly due to shock or anemia.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the arrector pili muscle?

Accepted Answer

It contracts to cause hair to stand upright, producing 'goosebumps' in response to cold or emotional stimuli.

Question 4

A surgical incision is made parallel to tension lines in the skin. Why does this typically result in better healing and less scarring?

Accepted Answer

Collagen bundles are less disrupted, allowing for more efficient wound closure and reduced scar formation.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the pathway of Vitamin D synthesis from the skin to its active form?

Accepted Answer

UV light converts a precursor in the skin to vitamin D$$_3$$, which is then modified in the liver and activated in the kidneys to form calcitriol.

Question 6

If bone contained only collagen and no hydroxyapatite, what would be the result?

Accepted Answer

The bone would be flexible but lack strength and rigidity, making it unable to support weight.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone contains osteons and is found in the diaphysis, while spongy bone contains trabeculae and is found in the epiphyses.

Question 8

A patient develops low blood calcium. Which hormonal response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released, stimulating osteoclast activity to increase blood calcium.

Question 9

Which of the following bone markings is correctly matched with its definition and example?

Accepted Answer

Foramen: a round or oval opening through a bone; example: foramen magnum of the occipital bone.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the lumbar vertebrae are larger than the cervical vertebrae?

Accepted Answer

They must support more body weight and withstand greater mechanical stress.

Question 11

Which of the following correctly sequences the major events of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Cartilage model forms → cartilage calcifies → primary ossification center develops → secondary ossification centers form → epiphyseal plate remains for growth.

Question 12

A patient presents with a herniated intervertebral disc. Which structure is most likely disrupted, and why might this cause pain or numbness?

Accepted Answer

The anulus fibrosus is disrupted, allowing the nucleus pulposus to compress nearby spinal nerves.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the epiphyseal plate?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of longitudinal bone growth during childhood and adolescence.

Question 14

Which of the following is a sesamoid bone, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

The patella; it protects the knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps muscle.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains how melanin protects against DNA damage?

Accepted Answer

Melanin absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation, reducing the amount that reaches and damages DNA in skin cells.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles?

Accepted Answer

Meissner corpuscles detect light touch and are located in the dermal papillae; Pacinian corpuscles detect deep pressure and vibration and are located deeper in the dermis or hypodermis.

Question 17

A patient with a comminuted fracture has a bone that is:

Accepted Answer

Broken into three or more pieces, often due to high-impact trauma.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It provides a fibrous outer covering for bone, contains osteogenic cells for growth and repair, and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order of the four stages of fracture healing?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → fibrocartilaginous callus formation → bony callus formation → bone remodeling.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Integumentary and Skeletal Systems

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