Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the stratum basale in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

It is the deepest layer responsible for continuous cell division and production of new keratinocytes.

Question 2

A patient presents with a burn that destroys the entire epidermis and part of the dermis. Which of the following skin functions is most likely to be immediately compromised?

Accepted Answer

Thermoregulation

Question 3

Which of the following statements about melanin is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Melanin is produced by melanocytes and protects against UV radiation.

Question 4

During a cold winter day, which physiological response is most likely to occur as part of thermoregulation?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels to conserve heat

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why thick skin (such as on the palms and soles) is more resistant to abrasion than thin skin?

Accepted Answer

Thick skin has an additional layer, the stratum lucidum, increasing its durability.

Question 6

A person is exposed to a drug that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons. Which phase of the action potential would be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between absolute and relative refractory periods in neurons?

Accepted Answer

During the absolute refractory period, no action potential can be generated, while during the relative refractory period, a stronger-than-normal stimulus can initiate another action potential.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with a disease that destroys myelin in the central nervous system. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased speed of action potential conduction

Question 9

Which of the following neurotransmitters is correctly matched with its primary receptor type and general effect?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine – binds to alpha or beta adrenergic receptors – excitatory or inhibitory

Question 10

A person touches a hot stove and immediately withdraws their hand. Which of the following best describes the neural pathway involved in this response?

Accepted Answer

Reflex arc involving sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the thalamus in the brain?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a relay station for sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the organization of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

The dorsal horn processes sensory information, while the ventral horn processes motor information.

Question 13

A patient is unable to voluntarily move their right arm, but sensation remains intact. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Left frontal lobe

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the sympathetic nervous system can produce widespread, long-lasting effects in the body?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine, and the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to transmit signals, while electrical synapses transmit signals via direct ion flow through gap junctions.

Question 16

A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors would most likely affect which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic nervous system responses such as decreased heart rate

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the choroid plexus in the brain?

Accepted Answer

It produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lines the brain ventricles.

Question 18

A patient is given a drug that increases the permeability of the neuronal membrane to potassium ions ($$K^+) at $$rest. What is the most likely effect on the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

The resting membrane potential will become more negative (hyperpolarized).

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the order of events during neurotransmitter release at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at axon terminal → voltage-gated $$Ca^{2+}$$ channels open → $$Ca^{2+}$$ influx → neurotransmitter vesicles fuse with membrane → neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft

Question 20

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness and decreased reflexes. Laboratory tests reveal a deficiency in acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. Which type of receptor is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Integumentary and Nervous Systems

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드