Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in establishing the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It pumps three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in, creating a net negative charge inside the cell.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to a genetic mutation that makes the sarcolemma more permeable to sodium ions. What effect would this have on the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

The resting membrane potential would become less negative (closer to zero).

Question 3

Which equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for a specific ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}}$$

Question 4

During an action potential, which event is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why graded potentials are important for action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials determine whether the membrane reaches threshold to initiate an action potential.

Question 6

A patient is given a drug that blocks voltage-gated calcium channels at the axon terminal. What effect will this have on synaptic transmission?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter release will be inhibited.

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance.

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions during muscle contraction.

Question 11

Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle length does not change but tension increases?

Accepted Answer

Isometric contraction

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased recruitment of motor units during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It increases the force generated by the muscle.

Question 13

Which equation best represents the relationship between force, velocity, and power in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$P = F 	imes v$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of fast-twitch muscle fibers compared to slow-twitch fibers?

Accepted Answer

Fast-twitch fibers contract quickly and fatigue rapidly.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the concept of sensory adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Sensory receptors decrease their response to constant stimuli over time.

Question 16

Which type of receptor detects changes in pressure and vibration in the skin?

Accepted Answer

Mechanoreceptors

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between amino acid-based hormones and steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid-based hormones bind to cell surface receptors, while steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of myoglobin in skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

It stores oxygen for use during muscle contraction.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

It increases the size (hypertrophy) of muscle fibers.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Nervous, Endocrine, and Muscular Systems

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