Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the total body surface area (TBSA) burned using the rule of nines?

$$TBSA = \sum (\text{Percentage assigned to each burned region})$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of melanin in the skin?

Accepted Answer

Melanin absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting underlying tissues from DNA damage.

Question 2

A patient presents with a third-degree burn covering 18% of their body surface area. Using the rule of nines, which of the following best represents the likely area affected?

Accepted Answer

The anterior surface of one leg

Question 3

Which of the following is a key difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and found at the ends of long bones.

Question 4

A 25-year-old athlete fractures his femur. Which of the following best describes the sequence of events in bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the difference between endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification replaces a cartilage model with bone, while intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchyme.

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the total body surface area (TBSA) burned using the rule of nines?

Accepted Answer

$$TBSA = \sum (	ext{Percentage assigned to each burned region})$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts resorb bone matrix, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma. Which of the following statements about this condition is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is the most common and least dangerous type of skin cancer.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

Accepted Answer

It lubricates the joint, reduces friction, and nourishes the articular cartilage.

Question 10

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Increased bone resorption by osteoclasts relative to bone formation by osteoblasts

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the skin related to vitamin D?

Accepted Answer

The skin synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease affecting the synovial membrane, while osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease caused by wear and tear of articular cartilage.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of the five layers of the epidermis in thick skin, from deep to superficial?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Question 14

A 10-year-old child is experiencing growth in the length of their femur. Which structure is primarily responsible for this growth?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal (growth) plate

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling is the continuous process of bone resorption and deposition by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments and contains cells for bone growth and repair.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium binds to troponin, causing a conformational change that exposes binding sites on actin for myosin.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions involve a change in muscle length, while isometric contractions involve no change in muscle length.

Question 19

A patient is unable to produce acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction will be inhibited due to lack of stimulation.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads bind to actin, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, resulting in muscle shortening.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Skin, Bone, Joints, and Muscular Tissue

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