Question 1

Which structure is responsible for housing blood vessels and nerves within compact bone, as seen in the microscopic slide labeled 'Osteon (Haversian system)'?

Accepted Answer

Central (Haversian) canal

Question 2

A patient suffers a fracture in the shaft of their femur. Which part of the long bone is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Diaphysis

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of lamellae in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

They are concentric rings of calcified matrix that strengthen the bone

Question 4

If a histology slide shows small dark spaces between lamellae, what are these spaces called and what do they contain?

Accepted Answer

Lacunae; contain osteocytes

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between the number of osteons ($$N$$), the total area of compact bone ($$A$$), and the average area of one osteon ($$a$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$N = \frac{A}{a}$$

Question 6

During bone growth, which structure is responsible for lengthening of long bones in children and adolescents?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate

Question 7

A histology slide of compact bone shows concentric rings around a central canal. What is the name of this entire structural unit?

Accepted Answer

Osteon (Haversian system)

Question 8

Which part of the axial skeleton protects the brain?

Accepted Answer

Skull

Question 9

If a bone model shows both outer and inner circumferential lamellae, what is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

To provide structural support and resist twisting forces

Question 10

Which vertebrae are labeled as 'cervical' in the axial skeleton, and how many are there?

Accepted Answer

C1–C7; 7 cervical vertebrae

Question 11

A patient has osteoporosis, which primarily affects the spongy bone. Which part of a long bone is most vulnerable to fracture?

Accepted Answer

Epiphysis

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Haversian system?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate

Question 13

If the diameter of a central canal in an osteon is $$d = 50 \ \mu m$$, what is the radius $$r in $$micrometers?

Accepted Answer

$$r = 25 \ \mu m$$

Question 14

Which bone marking is found at the distal end of the sternum?

Accepted Answer

Xiphoid process

Question 15

Which equation would you use to calculate the volume $$V of a $$cylindrical osteon with radius $$r$$ and height $$h$$?

Accepted Answer

$$V = \pi r^2$ h$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of canaliculi in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

They connect lacunae and allow for nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes

Question 17

A forensic scientist finds a bone with a prominent epiphyseal line. What does this indicate about the individual?

Accepted Answer

The individual has reached skeletal maturity

Question 18

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Femur

Question 19

If the total number of lamellae in an osteon is $$n = 5$$, and each lamella is $$0.2 \ mm$$ thick, what is the total thickness $$T of $$the lamellae?

Accepted Answer

$$T = 1.0 \ mm$$

Question 20

Which structure is found in both compact and spongy bone and is essential for bone cell survival?

Accepted Answer

Lacunae

Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes: Bone Structure and Axial Skeleton

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