$$SV = 120 \text{ mL} - 50 \text{ mL} = 70 \text{ mL}$$

$$CO = 90 \times 70 = 6300 \text{ mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pulmonary circuit in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange.

Question 2

Which heart chamber receives blood from the systemic circuit?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium

Question 3

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the systemic veins?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 4

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 5

A patient presents with chest pain radiating to the left arm after exertion, which subsides at rest. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Angina pectoris

Question 6

Which valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Question 7

During ventricular systole, which event occurs first?

Accepted Answer

AV valves close

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 9

If a patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 	ext{ mL} - 50 	ext{ mL} = 70 	ext{ mL}$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling Principle?

Accepted Answer

As end-diastolic volume increases, stroke volume increases within physiological limits.

Question 11

Which of the following is a consequence of increased afterload on the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume decreases

Question 12

A patient with a blockage in the left coronary artery is most likely to experience damage in which region(s) of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions in cardiac muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Extracellular calcium entry during the plateau phase triggers additional calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 14

Which of the following ECG components corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 15

A patient has a heart rate of 90 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat. What is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 90 	imes 70 = 6300 	ext{ mL/min}$$

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely increase heart rate via the SA node?

Accepted Answer

Release of norepinephrine by sympathetic neurons

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased contractility and increased heart rate

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 19

A patient with bradycardia is most likely to have which of the following heart rates?

Accepted Answer

45 bpm

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating ejection fraction?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Ejection Fraction} = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100\%$$

Anatomy & Physiology: The Heart – Chapter 20 Study Notes

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