Q: Which equation would you use to calculate the percentage of plasma cells in a blood sample if you know the number of plasma cells ($$N_{plasma}) $$and the total number of cells ($$N_{total}$$)?

$$\text{Percentage} = \frac{N_{plasma}}{N_{total}} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which region of an antibody is responsible for binding to a specific antigen?

Accepted Answer

The variable region

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a virus for the first time. Which class of antibody is most likely to be produced first in response?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between IgG and IgM antibodies?

Accepted Answer

IgM has a pentameric structure, while IgG is monomeric

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of antibody concentration in a plasma sample if you know the total mass of antibody ($$m) $$and the volume of plasma ($$V$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$C = \frac{m}{V}$$

Question 5

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops agglutination. Which antibody class is most likely responsible for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the Fc region of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

Activating complement proteins

Question 7

A patient with a deficiency in CD4+ T cells is most likely to have which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 8

Which cell type is primarily responsible for killing virus-infected cells by recognizing antigens presented on MHC class I molecules?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Question 9

If a patient’s plasma contains high levels of IgE, which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Parasitic infection or allergic reaction

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why monoclonal antibodies are useful in molecular testing?

Accepted Answer

They have identical variable regions and bind specifically to one antigen

Question 11

A patient is infected with a virus that downregulates MHC class I expression. Which immune cell is most likely to recognize and destroy the infected cell?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cell

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the activation of the classical complement pathway?

Accepted Answer

Antibody binds to antigen, C1 is activated, C3 convertase forms, C3 is cleaved

Question 13

Which equation would you use to calculate the percentage of plasma cells in a blood sample if you know the number of plasma cells ($$N_{plasma}) $$and the total number of cells ($$N_{total}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Percentage} = \frac{N_{plasma}}{N_{total}} 	imes 100$$

Question 14

A patient with a mutation in the CD4 receptor is less likely to be infected by which virus?

Accepted Answer

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between adaptive and innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity involves memory cells, while innate immunity does not

Question 16

Which cell type is responsible for presenting antigens to helper T cells via MHC class II molecules?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 17

A patient with an overactive immune response to harmless antigens is most likely suffering from which condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypersensitivity

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of memory cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They enable a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same antigen

Question 19

Which antibody class is most abundant in serum and provides long-term immunity?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 20

A patient is exposed to a bacterial toxin. Which immune response is most likely to neutralize the toxin?

Accepted Answer

Production of specific antibodies that bind to the toxin

Antibodies and T Cells: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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