Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Most organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which often produce opposing effects.

Question 2

During a stressful event, such as narrowly avoiding a car accident, which physiological change is most likely mediated by the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and dilation of the bronchioles

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 4

A patient is given a drug that blocks muscarinic receptors. Which of the following effects would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Decreased salivation and reduced contraction of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between neurotransmitter concentration ($$[NT]$$), rate of release ($$R$$), and rate of removal ($$k) at a $$synapse at steady state?

Accepted Answer

$$[NT] = \frac{R}{k}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the adrenal medulla is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion?

Accepted Answer

It receives preganglionic sympathetic fibers and releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) into the blood.

Question 7

A person is experiencing excessive sweating and rapid heartbeat after taking a medication. Which type of receptor is most likely being stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Adrenergic receptors

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the somatic nervous system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It consists of a single motor neuron that directly innervates skeletal muscle.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of signal transmission in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Preganglionic neuron → acetylcholine → nicotinic receptor → postganglionic neuron → norepinephrine → adrenergic receptor

Question 10

A patient with myasthenia gravis is experiencing muscle weakness. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune attack on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly describes the relationship between membrane potential ($$V_m$$), equilibrium potential for potassium ($$E_K$$), and equilibrium potential for sodium ($$E_{Na}) in a $$neuron, according to the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_K [K^+]_{out} + P_{Na} [Na^+]_{out}}{P_K [K^+]_{in} + P_{Na} [Na^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating digestive activity and reducing heart rate

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of cholinergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They bind acetylcholine and are found on both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Question 14

A patient is administered curare, a drug that blocks nicotinic receptors. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Paralysis of skeletal muscles due to inhibition of neuromuscular transmission

Question 15

Which of the following statements about autonomic neuroeffector junctions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter is released from varicosities along the length of the postganglionic axon.

Question 16

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the somatic nervous system compared to the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the gastrointestinal tract?

Accepted Answer

Decreased motility and inhibition of secretion

Question 18

A patient presents with a sudden drop in blood pressure after a traumatic injury. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is most likely activated to restore homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 19

Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems: Structure, Function, and Integration

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