Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical arrangement of neurons in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons originating from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

Question 2

Which neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons at their target tissues?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 3

The adrenal medulla is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A modified sympathetic ganglion that releases catecholamines into the blood.

Question 4

Which receptor type is found on the postganglionic neuron in both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptor

Question 5

A patient is given a drug that blocks muscarinic receptors. Which of the following effects would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate due to reduced parasympathetic activity

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in autonomic neurons?

Accepted Answer

ACh is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA by choline acetyltransferase.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of varicosities in autonomic neurons?

Accepted Answer

They release neurotransmitters over a wide area of target tissue.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of ATP to ADP during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i}$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a primary function of smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical control of blood vessels and airways

Question 10

Which receptor subtype is most common in sympathetic target tissues and increases intracellular $$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$ and PKC activity?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-1 ($$\$$alpha_1$$) adrenergic receptor

Question 11

Which signaling pathway is activated by beta adrenergic receptors and leads to increased cAMP levels?

Accepted Answer

Adenylyl cyclase pathway

Question 12

A patient with a damaged vagus nerve would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased parasympathetic stimulation to the heart

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

It is striated, uninucleated, and contracts involuntarily.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the bloodstream during stress?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion, allowing rapid systemic effects.

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Primarily voluntary, striated, and multinucleated

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of activating muscarinic M2 receptors in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreases heart rate by opening K+ channels and decreasing cAMP

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for norepinephrine release and removal at a sympathetic neuroeffector junction?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives → Ca2+ entry → exocytosis → NE binds adrenergic receptor → NE removed by monoamine oxidase

Question 18

Which of the following muscle types is responsible for constriction of blood vessels and airways?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of the effect of sympathetic activation?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of pupils during a stressful situation

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of activating the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway in a target cell?

Accepted Answer

Increases intracellular Ca2+ and activates protein kinase C

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