Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical organization of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) pathways?

Accepted Answer

Each pathway consists of two neurons in series: a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.

Question 2

Which neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons at the neuroeffector junction?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 3

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate and dilated pupils. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is most active?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the location of ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic ganglia are found in chains running alongside the vertebral column.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in autonomic neurons?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Acetyl~CoA} + \mathrm{Choline} \xrightarrow{\mathrm{Choline~acetyltransferase}} \mathrm{Acetylcholine} + \mathrm{CoA}$$

Question 6

Which receptor type is found on the target tissues of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 7

The adrenal medulla is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion because:

Accepted Answer

It contains chromaffin cells that are modified postganglionic neurons releasing epinephrine.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches produce opposite effects on the same organ.

Question 9

A drug that blocks muscarinic receptors would most likely affect which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Rest-and-digest activities such as increased digestive enzyme secretion

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for neurotransmitter release at a sympathetic neuroeffector junction?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at varicosity $$\rightarrow Ca$^{2+}$$ influx $$\rightarrow$$ norepinephrine release

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increase heart rate and force of contraction

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

Promotes urinary retention via alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 14

Which signaling pathway is activated by muscarinic M3 receptors in smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{G}_q$$ protein activates phospholipase C $$\rightarrow$$ increase in intracellular Ca$$^{2+}$$

Question 15

A patient is given a beta-blocker. Which physiological effect would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate and force of contraction

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE about neurotransmitter termination at the autonomic neuroeffector junction?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters can be taken back up into the varicosity, diffuse away, or be degraded by enzymes.

Question 17

Which cranial nerve carries approximately 75% of all parasympathetic fibers?

Accepted Answer

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the origin of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the autonomic nervous system is essential for homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and gland secretion.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct formula for the synthesis of norepinephrine from tyrosine?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Tyrosine} \xrightarrow{\mathrm{Tyrosine~hydroxylase}} \mathrm{DOPA} \xrightarrow{\mathrm{DOPA~decarboxylase}} \mathrm{Dopamine} \xrightarrow{\mathrm{Dopamine~\beta-hydroxylase}} \mathrm{Norepinephrine}$$

Autonomic Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Control

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