Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of signal transmission and response time?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system uses hormones released into the bloodstream for slower, longer-lasting responses, while the nervous system uses electrical impulses for rapid, short-lived responses.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus, which is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Excessive urination and dehydration

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct example of a second messenger system used by water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine binding to a cell membrane receptor and activating $$cAMP as a $$second messenger

Question 4

A person is severely dehydrated. How would the amount of ADH released by the posterior pituitary lobe change, and what would be the physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

ADH release would increase, causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water

Question 5

Which pancreatic islet cell secretes glucagon, and what is the primary effect of glucagon on blood sugar levels?

Accepted Answer

Alpha cell; increases blood glucose

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ($$ACTH)$$

Question 7

A patient has abnormally high levels of aldosterone. Which of the following effects would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption and increased blood pressure

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly influence gene transcription.

Question 9

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is producing excess growth hormone ($$GH). $$Which of the following conditions is most likely to develop in an adult?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of calcitonin?

Accepted Answer

Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Question 11

A patient is found to have a deficiency in erythropoietin ($$EPO). $$Which of the following would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Decreased red blood cell production

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why a person with type O negative blood is considered a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct formula for cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 14

A patient has a stroke volume ($$SV) of$$ $$70\,mL$$ and a heart rate ($$HR) of$$ $$80\,beats/min. $$What is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 5600\,mL/min$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the semilunar valves in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles after ventricular contraction.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the effect of increased preload on stroke volume, according to the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased preload increases stroke volume.

Question 17

A patient with a blocked left coronary artery is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxygen supply to the left ventricle

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 19

A patient with a vitamin $$B_{12}$$ deficiency is most likely to develop which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

BIO 122: Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems – Study Guide and Review

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