$$ 3\ Na^+ \text{ out},\ 2\ K^+ \text{ in} $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the passage of substances between cells, maintaining distinct compartments.

Question 2

Transitional epithelium is most commonly found lining which organ?

Accepted Answer

Urinary bladder

Question 3

Which protein is most abundant in dense connective tissue and is responsible for its tensile strength?

Accepted Answer

Collagen

Question 4

A patient suffers a tendon injury. Which type of connective tissue is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 5

Which membrane lines organ systems that are open to the outside environment?

Accepted Answer

Mucous membrane

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary, smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct description of the sliding filament theory?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 8

During muscle contraction, what is the primary role of tropomyosin?

Accepted Answer

It covers active sites on actin, preventing myosin binding until calcium is present.

Question 9

Which equation represents the sodium-potassium exchange pump activity in neurons?

Accepted Answer

$$ 3\ Na^+ 	ext{ out},\ 2\ K^+ 	ext{ in} $$

Question 10

A neuron receives a stimulus that does not reach threshold. What happens next?

Accepted Answer

No action potential is generated; the all-or-none principle is not met.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is classified as cholinergic?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between white matter and gray matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

White matter contains myelinated axons; gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.

Question 13

Which glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with a disease affecting the Nodes of Ranvier. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory propagation of action potentials

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between fast fibers and slow fibers in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Fast fibers contract quickly and fatigue rapidly; slow fibers contract slowly and are fatigue-resistant.

Question 16

Which equation best represents the relationship between muscle force ($$F$$), muscle cross-sectional area ($$A$$), and muscle fiber type?

Accepted Answer

$$ F = A 	imes 	ext{fiber type factor} $$

Question 17

Which scenario best illustrates an isometric muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Holding a dumbbell steady without moving it

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of Wallerian degeneration?

Accepted Answer

It is the degeneration of the axon distal to the site of injury.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support.

Question 20

Which equation best represents the threshold stimulus required to generate an action potential ($$V_{th}) in a $$neuron?

Accepted Answer

$$ V_{th} = -55\ 	ext{mV} $$

BIO 203 Exam 2 Review: Tissues, Muscle, and Nervous System Study Guide

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