$$\text{Hematocrit} = \frac{\text{Volume of erythrocytes}}{\text{Total blood volume}} \times 100$$

$$\text{Hb} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{HbO}_2$$

$$\text{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{\text{Factor X}} \text{Thrombin}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones for metabolism

Question 2

A blood sample is centrifuged and separates into three layers. Which layer contains the majority of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Bottom layer

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{Volume of erythrocytes}}{	ext{Total blood volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 4

A patient has a blood pH of 7.2. Based on the normal range, what condition does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Biconcave discs lacking nuclei, optimized for gas exchange

Question 6

Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues. Which chemical reaction best represents this process?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hb} + 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 	ext{HbO}_2$$

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. Which of the following laboratory findings would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased erythrocyte count and low hemoglobin

Question 8

Which hormone regulates erythropoiesis and is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 9

Which of the following is a granulocyte and the most abundant type of leukocyte in blood?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 10

A patient presents with excessive bleeding and a prolonged clotting time. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia

Question 11

Which pathway is triggered by damage to the endothelium and involves factor XII in the clotting cascade?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic pathway

Question 12

Which of the following is the universal donor blood type, and why?

Accepted Answer

O-, because it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens

Question 13

Which equation best represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the clotting cascade?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{	ext{Factor X}} 	ext{Thrombin}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why platelets are critical for hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary seal at the site of vessel injury

Question 15

A patient with infectious mononucleosis will most likely show an increase in which type of leukocyte?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the ABO blood group system?

Accepted Answer

Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of plasma albumin in blood?

Accepted Answer

It maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances

Question 18

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. Which reaction is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Hemolysis due to antibody-antigen reaction

Question 19

Which of the following is a mechanism that limits the growth of a blood clot?

Accepted Answer

Activation of plasmin to dissolve fibrin

Question 20

A complete blood count (CBC) is ordered for a patient. Which of the following values would NOT be included in a CBC?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose level

Blood: Composition, Functions, and Clinical Relevance

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