Question 1

A 55-year-old patient has a blood pressure reading of 138/86 mm Hg on three separate clinic visits. According to the current definitions, what is the correct classification of this patient's blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Stage 1 hypertension

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the physiological mechanism underlying primary (essential) hypertension?

Accepted Answer

It is due to chronic vascular inflammation, vascular remodeling, and impaired nitric oxide production.

Question 3

During auscultatory blood pressure measurement, the first Korotkoff sound corresponds to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Systolic blood pressure

Question 4

A patient with a history of poorly controlled hypertension presents with proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine. Which organ system is most likely affected, and what is the underlying pathophysiology?

Accepted Answer

Renal system; glomerularsclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis due to chronic vasoconstriction

Question 5

Which of the following is a common cause of secondary hypertension that can be cured by treating the underlying disease?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Question 6

A 70-year-old patient experiences dizziness and blurred vision upon standing. Blood pressure drops from 130/80 mm Hg supine to 105/65 mm Hg standing. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 7

Which of the following medications is classified as an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is commonly used to treat hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Lisinopril

Question 8

A patient with hypertension is prescribed hydrochlorothiazide. What is the primary mechanism by which this medication lowers blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increases sodium and water excretion, reducing intravascular volume

Question 9

Which of the following is a key risk associated with chronic hypertension and is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Increased workload of the heart leading to left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with secondary hypertension due to a pheochromocytoma. What is the pathophysiological mechanism responsible for the elevated blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Hypersecretion of catecholamines from adrenal medulla tissue

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the definition of orthostatic hypotension?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in systolic blood pressure of $$\geq 20 mm Hg or $$diastolic blood pressure of $$\geq 10 mm Hg $$upon standing

Question 12

A patient with a history of heart failure is at increased risk for orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following mechanisms best explains this risk?

Accepted Answer

Decreased intravascular volume and impaired venous return

Question 13

Which of the following shock syndromes is characterized by impaired contractility of the heart leading to decreased cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Cardiogenic shock

Question 14

A patient is found to have a blood pressure of 124/78 mm Hg. According to the current guidelines, how should this blood pressure be classified?

Accepted Answer

Elevated

Question 15

Which of the following is a common medication-induced cause of secondary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 16

A patient with diabetes develops orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction leading to impaired baroreflex response

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why chronic hypertension increases the risk of stroke?

Accepted Answer

It promotes atherosclerosis and damages blood vessel integrity.

Question 18

A patient is prescribed amlodipine for hypertension. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?

Accepted Answer

Inhibits calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation

Question 19

A 60-year-old patient presents with confusion and a blood pressure of 85/55 mm Hg. Which of the following best describes the physiological state of shock?

Accepted Answer

Sustained hypotension with tissue hypoperfusion leading to cellular hypoxia

Question 20

Which of the following lifestyle modifications is recommended as first-line therapy for primary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Engage in regular exercise and reduce sodium intake to \u003c2.4 g per day

Blood Pressure Disorders: Measurement, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations

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