Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It functions as a carrier for other molecules, acts as a blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure.

Question 2

A patient has a hematocrit of 60%. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity, which can cause sluggish blood flow and increase the risk of clotting.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells (RBCs) are efficient at transporting oxygen?

Accepted Answer

They are biconcave, lack nuclei and organelles, and are packed with hemoglobin.

Question 4

A person at high altitude experiences hypoxia. Which of the following is the most direct physiological response to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increased release of erythropoietin (EPO), stimulating red blood cell production.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

A series of reactions that stop bleeding, involving vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

Question 6

During the coagulation phase of hemostasis, which of the following events occurs LAST?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a mesh that stabilizes the clot.

Question 7

A patient is found to have a deficiency in vitamin K. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Impaired synthesis of several clotting factors, leading to increased bleeding risk.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why mature erythrocytes cannot repair themselves after damage?

Accepted Answer

They lack a nucleus and organelles, so they cannot synthesize new proteins.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the breakdown of hemoglobin from old erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Heme is degraded to bilirubin, iron is stored or reused, and globin is broken down to amino acids.

Question 10

A laboratory test shows a patient has a WBC count of 15,000/μL. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis, which is a normal response to infection.

Question 11

Which of the following white blood cells is most abundant and is known as a 'bacteria slayer' due to its phagocytic activity?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 12

A patient with chronic allergies and parasitic worm infections is likely to have an increased number of which type of leukocyte?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary plug by sticking to exposed collagen fibers at a vessel injury site.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the plasma protein fibrinogen?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to fibrin during coagulation to form the structural basis of a blood clot.

Question 15

A patient is given an artificial erythropoietin (EPO) injection to enhance athletic performance. Which of the following is a potential risk of this practice?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity, which can cause clotting, stroke, or heart failure.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why a deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to anemia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12 is necessary for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells such as developing erythrocytes.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

Accepted Answer

The intrinsic pathway is triggered by negatively charged surfaces within the blood, while the extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor from damaged tissue outside the blood.

Question 18

A patient with a genetic deficiency in the plasma protein transferrin would most likely experience which of the following problems?

Accepted Answer

Impaired transport of iron in the blood, leading to decreased hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the fate of bilirubin produced from the breakdown of heme?

Accepted Answer

It is secreted into the intestines in bile and eventually excreted in feces as stercobilin.

Question 20

A trauma patient loses 25% of their blood volume. Which of the following is the most immediate and appropriate medical intervention?

Accepted Answer

Administration of normal saline or Ringer's solution to restore blood volume and circulation.

Ch.17 Blood: Structure, Function, and Composition

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